Introduction

1. Statistic quoted in Design Council, Annual Review 2002 (London: Design Council, 2002), 19.

2. Herbert Simon, The Sciences of the Artificial (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1996), chap. 1.

3. Victor Papanek, Design for the Real World: Human Ecology and Social Change (New York: Random House, 1972), 23.

4. In 1970 Herman Kahn, the first modern futurist (and allegedly the role model for Dr. Strangelove in Stanley Kubrick s film), anticipated that Japan s unique cultural values would enable its economy to reach and surpass that of the United States in per capita GDP. Herman Kahn, The Emerging Japanese Superstate: Challenge and Response (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1970).

5. The European Commission, which is responsible for 5 percent of the continent s research spending, is looking for ways to manage technology research as a self-organizing complex network. Peter Johnston, who helps run the Commision s Information Society Technologies program, says that the value of EU support to research cooperation in the EU lies as much in the social capital and cohesion it generates as in the knowledge capital it produces: The effectiveness of research now depends critically on the strength of networking between research institutes and between research disciplines. Peter Johnston, Introduction, in Complexity Tools in Evaluation of Policy Options for a Networked Knowledge Society, ed. Peter Johnston (Brussels: European Commission Directorate General, Information Society Technologies, 2003), 3.

6. Daniel Cohen, Our Modern Times: The New Nature of Capitalism in the Information...