TABLE OF CONTENTS The atmosphere and the ocean are the two most important fluid systems of our planet. The bulk of the atmosphere is a thin layer of air 10 km thick that engulfs the earth, and the oceans cover about 70% of the surface of our planet. Both the atmosphere and the ocean are in states of constant motion where the main source of energy is supplied by the radiation of the sun. The large-scale motions of the atmosphere and the ocean constitute geophysical flows and the science that studies them is geophysical fluid dynamics. The motions of the atmosphere and the ocean become powerful mechanisms for the transport and redistribution of energy and matter. For example, the motion of cold and warm atmospheric fronts determine the local weather conditions; the warm waters of the Gulf Stream are responsible for the temperate climate in northern Europe; the winds and the currents transport the pollutants produced by industries. It is clear that the motions of the atmosphere and the ocean play a fundamental role in the dynamics of our planet and greatly affect the activities of mankind.
It is apparent that the dynamical processes involved in the description of geophysical flows in the atmosphere and the ocean are extremely complex. This is due to the large number of physical variables needed to describe the state of the system and the wide range of space and time scales involved in these processes. The physical variables may include the velocity, the pressure, the...
