15.1 INTRODUCTION

A water distribution system, like any large complex system, must be operated properly so that it performs at an acceptable level of service. Many water utilities use human operators whose primary function is to monitor the pulse of the water distribution system and provide system control when needed. When the characteristics of the water supply system begin to change for example, when tank levels increase or pressures fall the operator initiates an action to ensure that the system operates within reasonable bounds. For example, when tank water levels fall in a particular part of the system, the operator may place a pump into service. When pressures within another part of the system get too high, the operator may turn off a pump that serves the area. For complex systems, operators may even operate valves and regulators within the system so that pressures, flows, and tank levels are kept within acceptable limits.

This chapter details the general nature of water distribution system operations for water utilities across the United States. Of course, each water supply system will have its own unique characteristics that require special consideration from an operational perspective. The role of operations with regard to water quality and emergency response are detailed as well. Most water utilities now use some form of Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems in their daily operations. This chapter presents the nuts and bolts of SCADA.