Electrical and Electronics Reference Materials
Technical Articles
Reference Articles 3101 - 3200 of 3221
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Interfacing to AC Power Lines
Description: This application note describes a simple method for measuring parameters from the AC power line. Parameters such as zero crossing, frequency, and relative phase can be measured. This method is useful ...
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Design Alternatives To The TC682 For Performing Inverting Voltage Doubler Functions
Description: Creating a negative DC bias voltage from a positive DC supply often is required in battery-powered, portable, hand-held instruments that use a Liquid Crystal Display (LCD). Many LCDs require a ...
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Linear Voltage Fan Speed Control Using Microchip's TC64X Family
Description: Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) fan speed control methodology pulse-width modulates a fan's full-rated power supply voltage at a low frequency, typically 30 Hz. A typical PWM circuit, consisting of a ...
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New Components and Design Methods Bring Intelligence to Battery Charger Applications
Description: New design methods and components bring high intelligence to battery charger and power-management applications. When developing intelligent power management systems, very complex and cumbersome ...
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Power Management in Portable Applications: Charging Lithium-Ion/Lithium-Polymer Batteries
Description: Powering today's portable world poses many challenges for system designers. The use of batteries as a prime power source is on the rise. As a result, a burden has been placed on the system designer to ...
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Simple Synchronous Buck Converter Design - MCP1612
Description: The density of portable electronic equipment requires the design engineer to pay particular attention to a number of important design parameters. For the power conversion circuitry, two of these ...
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Soft-Start Controller For Switching Power Supplies
Description: This technical brief describes a microcontroller based Soft-Start Controller circuit for a switching power supply. Start-up is a stressful time for the power driver section of a switching power ...
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Transformerless Power Supplies: Resistive and Capacitive
Description: There are several ways to convert an AC voltage at a wall receptacle into the DC voltage required by a microcontroller. Traditionally, this has been done with a transformer and rectifier circuit. ...
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Designing with the MCP3551 Delta-Sigma ADC
Description: The MCP3551 delta-sigma ADC is a high resolution converter. This application note discusses various design techniques to follow when using this device. Typical application circuits are discussed ...
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Generating High Voltage Using the PIC16C781/782
Description: The Nixie tube is a device born out of the middle twentieth century, used to display digital information in a human readable format. Basically, it is a high-voltage numerical display. Today, the Nixie ...
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Implementing Auto Baud on dsPIC30F Devices
Description: All current dsPIC30F devices have a UART peripheral with Auto Baud capability. The signal on the UART receive pin (RX pin) can be internally routed to an Input Capture module to time the edges of the ...
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Multiple PWM Output Soft-Start Controller For Switching Power Supplies
Description: This Technical Brief describes a microcontroller-based soft-start controller for power supplies in systems with multiple voltages. Sometimes applications have devices with multiple voltage ...
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Uninterruptible Power Supply Reference Design
Description: At times, power from a wall socket is neither clean nor uninterruptible. Many abnormalities such as blackouts, brownouts, spikes, surges, and noise can occur. Under the best conditions, power ...
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16HV785: Programmable Lead Acid Battery Charger
Description: The 16HV785 provides an unprecedented level of configurability for charging lead battery packs. Its precise, 10-bit Analog-to-Digital converter and high-frequency Pulse-Width Modulator enable the ...
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AC-DC Conversion
Description: In most power electronic applications, the power input is in the form of a 50 Hz or 60 Hz sine-wave AC voltage provided by the electric utility, which is then converted to a DC voltage. Increasingly, ...
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Converting A 5.0V Supply Rail To A Regulated 3.0V
Description: As system designers are forced to produce products with increased features while maintaining a flat or decreasing product cost, advancements in device technology must be considered. To produce ...
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DC/DC Conversion
Description: Closed loop control with linear regulators. Often the voltage source is "incompatible" with the load. A buffer needs to be placed between the source and load to regulate or control the voltage and/or ...
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Design A Load Sharing System Power Path Management with Microchip's Stand-Alone Li-Ion Battery Charger
Description: AN1149 Designing A Li-Ion Battery Charger and Load Sharing System With Microchip's Stand-Alone Li-Ion Battery Charge Management Controller However, most of the time, batteries are designed to be ...
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Intelligent Battery Charger Reference Design
Description: Typically, simple battery chargers do not provide the intelligence to charge different battery technologies or batteries with the same technology but different voltages and capacities. At best, this ...
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Op Amp Precision Design: DC Errors
Description: AN1177 Op Amp Precision Design: DC Errors DC SPECIFICATIONS Author: Kumen Blake Microchip Technology Inc. There are a small number of DC specifications that describe errors at the input of an op amp. ...
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Selecting the Right Battery System for Cost-Sensitive Portable Applications While Maintaining Excellent Quality
Description: AN1088 Selecting the Right Battery System For Cost-Sensitive Portable Applications While Maintaining Excellent Quality BATTERY CHEMISTRIES Author: Brian Chu Microchip Technology Inc. There are three ...
- Signal Chain Design Guide (.pdf)
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Simple Fan Control Solution
Description: Ambient Temperature-Controlled Fan On/Off Switch - the TC620 logic output temperature sensor can work as a local thermostat, turning the cooling fan on and off when the ambient temperature levels ...
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Switch Mode Power Supply (SMPS) Topologies (Part I)
Description: The industry drive toward smaller, lighter and more efficient electronics has led to the development of the Switch Mode Power Supply (SMPS). There are several topologies commonly used to implement ...
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Tranformerless Power Supply TechBrief
Description: In most non-battery applications, the power to the microcontroller is normally supplied using a wall mounted transformer, which is then rectified, filtered and regulated. In most applications, this ...
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Understanding Digital Potentiometers Resistor Variations
Description: AN1080 The Step Resistance (R )THE R RESISTANCE SAB Microchip offers Digital Potentiometer devices with The R resistance is the total resistance between AB resistances of 2.1 k?, 5 k?, 10 k?, 50 ...
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Filter Solutions for the Regeneration of Electrical Power
From: Schaffner EMC Inc.Description: Energy, which is being generated during the braking process of fast rotations or heavy masses, used to be converted into useless heat by means of bulky brake resistors. Today, innovative drive ...
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Functions, Variations and Application Areas of Magnetic Components
From: Schaffner EMC Inc.Description: The transformer is one of the classical components of Electrotechnology. It is used in all areas of every day life. Transformers are used to adapt electrical energy, which is supplied on various ...
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Basics of ESD Safety (.pdf)
Description: Electrostatic discharge, more commonly known as ESD, appears in many forms. From lightning bolts to a near-invisible spark when touching a piece of metal, there is no single way to encapsulate all of ...
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Technical Considerations for ESD Safety (.pdf)
Description: ESD impacts productivity and product reliability in virtually every aspect of electronic environment. Despite the effort made over the past decade, ESD still costs the electronics industry billions of ...
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Infrared (IR) Window Installations into Medium Voltage Switchgear
Description: The intense energy and duration of an electric arc flash represents a very unique exposure. Everyday work clothes made from regular cotton or polyester cotton blended fabrics, regardless of weight, ...
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Cross Reference AWG to MM2 Conversion Chart
From: Multi/Cable CorporationDescription: 26 AWG equals 0.14 mm^2 for example. ...
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Fractions, Decimals & Millimeter Conversion Chart
From: Multi/Cable CorporationDescription: Conversion chart for Imkperial and Metric measurements ...
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Metric Conversion Chart
From: Multi/Cable CorporationDescription: Square areas in metric and Imperial format ...
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Temperature Conversion Chart
From: Multi/Cable CorporationDescription: Temperature conversions between F and C ...
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Jacketing Insulations
From: Multi/Cable CorporationDescription: JACKETS - Applied over primary insulation, shields, cable components or over the cable itself, Includes many of the primary insulating materials, containing nylon, neoprene, hypalon, ...
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Typical Properties of Multi/Cable Insulations
From: Multi/Cable CorporationDescription: This document explains typical properties of multi-cable installations including: PVC, Polyethylene, Low Density Polyethylene, High Density Polyethylene, Polypropylene, Nylon, TFE, and Fluorinated ...
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Flooded Cable / Connector Water Blocking and Reterminating at Sea
From: Reltek LLCDescription: Field application of breakthrough BONDiT™ technology proves effective in reterminating flooded cable/connector assemblies in offshore oil field for immediate deep-water redeployment. A flooded ...
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Attenuator & Termination Matching for Ferrite Junction Isolators
From: Barry Industries, Inc.Description: Both the Circulator 3rd port and Termination/Attenuator are specified to meet a VSWR over a given frequency band. The actual isolation result will depend on the phase of the Return Losses. An optimal ...
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BAN-PLT-1.1 NEW Electroless Nickel Gold Plating (c)
From: Barry Industries, Inc.Description: Conventional LTCC material systems offer three standard metallization schemes, silver, gold and a mixed metal. For high reliability projects, the gold system is a common choice. When price is a ...
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Comparison of RF Terminations with BeO and ALN Substrates
From: Barry Industries, Inc.Description: Terminations designed to dissipate significant amounts of power at RF frequencies have traditionally been fabricated on beryllium oxide (BeO) substrates. The high thermal conductivity and moderate ...
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Copper vs Copper Tungsten Flanges
From: Barry Industries, Inc.Description: Barry Industries offers parts using flanges made from both copper tungsten (CuW) and copper (Cu) flange materials. In the case of the copper tungsten flange material the construction is 100% brazed. ...
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Finite Element Analysis Report - Advantages of the CTE Matched Flange
From: Barry Industries, Inc.Description: The finite element analysis described in this report was performed to support the conclusions of the Barry Industries' report "Materials Selection for High-Power / High Reliability Resistors", Jack ...
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Investigation of Trim Notch and its Effect on Surface Mount Resistors in RF Circuits
From: Barry Industries, Inc.Description: Surface mount (SMD) resistors are often employed in microstrip circuitry at RF frequencies. Typical SMD resistors designed for general purpose circuitry are usually trimmed using plunge trim or "L" ...
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SMD Resistor Thermal Analysis
From: Barry Industries, Inc.Description: The ability of a surface mount resistor to dissipate a given amount of power is ultimately limited by the temperature of the active resistor film. Assuming that the effects of convection and radiation ...
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Installation and Wiring Guidelines for DC/AC Inverters
Description: DC/AC inverters designed to light Cold Cathode Fluorescent Lamps (CCFL's) are a very specific sub-class of inverters in general. These inverters tend to have very low output currents and very high ...
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Wire Forms and Custom Welded Wire Assemblies
Description: The manufacture of steel wire forms and welded wire assemblies demands a tremendous amount of knowledge and experience. The final product can only be optimally achieved after matching the materials, ...
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Transformer Design for Charging Defibrillator Capacitors
From: Datatronics™Description: Generating high voltage by means of flyback topology is a common approach. Using the generated voltage to charge a capacitor for a high energy pulse are used in defibrillators, photoflashs, strobes ...
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Remote Power Supply Monitoring with iLog
From: CAS DataLoggersDescription: European GSM providers that expand their activities to African countries, usually face problems when it comes to power supply the GSM Rx-Tx cellular system. To resolve the problem they use APS systems ...
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Cooling System Design Tips
From: Control Resources, Inc.Description: Application and Design Information: Air Flow, Distribution and System Pressure How many Fans Fan/Blower Size And much more. ...
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Conductance Testing Defined and Evaluated
From: Exponential PowerDescription: When Facility or Maintenance Engineers, Operations Managers or Power Provision Operators consider back-up power options that include battery systems, it is quite typically as a "last line of defense" ...
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Typical Characteristic of Gassing on VRLA Batteries - Dynasty Example
From: Exponential PowerDescription: When charging the typical lead acid battery a portion of the charging current, that which is in excess of that required to maintain 100% state of charge, will electrolyze water in the electrolyte thus ...
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NEMA / UL-50 Type Ratings
From: Integra Enclosures, Inc.Description: Definition: An Enclosure is a surrounding case constructed to provide a degree of protection against incidental contact with the enclosed equipment and to provide a degree of protection to the ...
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Cable Considerations
Description: By nature, cables are usually the weakest part of any measurement system. Because they are somewhat fragile, they must be handled with care. The weakest point on the cable assembly is the intersection ...
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Introduction to Current Source Power Units
Description: In order to fully understand the purpose of current source power units, it will be necessary to first understand the operation of the low impedance voltage mode (LIVM) sensors with which the power ...
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Build Your Own Acopian Power System Online
From: Acopian Power SuppliesDescription: Easton, PA - November 10, 2006 - Acopian Power Supplies allows you to 'design' your own multiple output Power System by simply using their online System Builder ...
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Glossary of Power Supply Terms
From: TDK-Lambda Americas Inc.
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Lambda: New DIN Rail Power Supplies Offer Sophistication and Value
Description: DIN rail mount power supplies are quickly showing a surprising degree of sophistication. Until recently, these products were simple single output units, often with narrow range AC inputs. An "option" ...
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Lambda: Power Supply Considerations for Industrial Applications
Description: Although power supplies are among the most important components of any industrial application, they seldom receive any significant attention. Engineers often do not fully understand all of the ...
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GHz BGA Socket User Manual
Description: The IC package drawing is required to select the correct GHz socket. Go to www.ironwoodelectronics.com. Select the "Products" link, then under the "Browse" menu, select the "GHz BGA & MLF socket" ...
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Giga-snaP BGA SMT Adapters
Description: The new Giga-snaP line of BGA SMT adapters provide the most reliable interconnect to BGA SMT pads. These patent pending adapters remain attached through many solder cycles and will not warp as plastic ...
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Spring Pin Socket User Manual
Description: SS-BGA sockets provide high bandwidth in a small, cost effective ZIF socket for prototype, test and burn-in applications. SS-BGA socket is a simple, mechanical socket based on spring pin technology. ...
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Remote Sensing
From: Acopian Power SuppliesDescription: Many Acopian power supplies have +SENS and -SENS terminals (+Sense and -Sense terminals). These terminals may be used for remote sensing of the output voltage and are part of the voltage regulation ...
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Power Supply Comparisons
From: Acopian Power SuppliesDescription: Linear Power Supply vs. Switching Power Supply vs. Unregulated Power Supply ...
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Redundant Power Supplies - Considerations When Paralleling Power Supply Outputs for Redundancy
From: Acopian Power SuppliesDescription: Although the extremely high overall reliability that can be attained with redundancy is widely recognized, implementing redundancy is not always as easy as it may first appear to be. In particular, it ...
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Critical Data Power System Cost of Ownership
From: Exponential PowerDescription: Ultimately, the true cost of implementing a power protection infrastructure is measured over the useful life of the equipment and varies based on the scope of the installation. Because many of today's ...
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Sensible Design Criteria for the Critical Data Power System
From: Exponential PowerDescription: Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) protection can be delivered through a single-module approach or through redundant systems. Redundancy enables higher availability of critical systems and is ...
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UPS Design Topology
From: Exponential PowerDescription: With the vast increase in the number and types of sensitive loads, the term UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply) is now used to identify devices with power ratings ranging from a few hundred VA, ...
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Effects of Temperature on VRLA Battery Performance
From: Exponential PowerDescription: We would like to think the VRLA battery would have an infinite life - especially if it is not being "used" (cycled) and only remains on continuous charge being maintained for eventual use. However, ...
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General Operation & Considerations of Parallel VRLA Battery Strings
From: Exponential PowerDescription: The numbers of plates that are connected in parallel determine the capacity of a cell. For example, if one set of positive and negative plates is capable of providing 5 ampere hours capacity at the ...
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Critical Power Distribution Architecture
From: Exponential PowerDescription: "High-Availability" power systems require Reliability, Functionality, Maintainability, and Fault Tolerance. The distribution of AC power between your UPS and load equipment will ultimately determine ...
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Designing Redudancy into the Critical Data Power System
From: Exponential PowerDescription: First, the Bad News: All UPS equipment and switchgear, regardless of manufacturer, should be completely de-energized for preventive maintenance at least once per year. This maintenance generally ...
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Impact of Short Circuits on VRLA Battery Systems
From: Exponential PowerDescription: A "shorted" lead acid battery has the capability of delivering an extremely high current, 100 to 1000 times the typical discharge current used in most applications. Electrical systems using batteries ...
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Impedance Battery Testing According to a Manufacturer of Test Devices
From: Exponential PowerDescription: Internal battery ohmic measurements have been a hot topic amongst battery users and battery manufacturers for the last ten or twelve years. Everyone seems to agree that measuring the internal ...
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Impedance vs. Conductance Testing - One Perspective
From: Exponential PowerDescription: When to replace your battery is a critical and inevitable decision for the battery user. Replace too late and reliability of the battery and the systems they serve to protect will be degraded ...
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Thermal Runaway in VRLA Sealed Batteries
From: Exponential PowerDescription: Valve regulated lead-acid batteries have been known to fall victim to thermal runaway. A number of factors can contribute to this problem, though most common is a combination on high temperature and ...
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Battery Monitoring Perspectives
From: Exponential PowerDescription: Battery monitoring has become a very popular topic, and many companies have either purchased equipment or are in the process of evaluating these systems. This paper discusses why monitoring is ...
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Benefits of Conductance Battery Testing
From: Exponential PowerDescription: Conductance is a measurement of the plate surfaces available for chemical reaction. High relative conductance is a reliable indication of a healthy battery.Conductance declines as the battery fails. ...
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Comparing Harmonics Mitigating to K-Factor Transformers
From: Exponential PowerDescription: The harmonic currents generated by non-linear loads will produce voltage distortion as they interact with the impedance of an electrical distribution system. This voltage distortion can easily reach ...
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Conductance Testing Q & A
From: Exponential PowerDescription: The use of conductance technology to access battery state of health has resulted in a series of questions about conductance testing. The following are answers to come of the most frequently asked ...
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Cost Efficiency Analysis of Harmonics Transformers
From: Exponential PowerDescription: The United States Environmental Protection Agency's Energy Star program has gained tremendous popularity since it's inception in 1992. The Energy Star label is now recognized by many as a sign of ...
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Designing Availability into a Critical Power System
From: Exponential PowerDescription: How are factors such as increased connectivity and the convergence of voice and data impacting computer system availability requirements? And how are network and facility managers responding to these ...
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Explaining 20-Year Battery Warranties
From: Exponential PowerDescription: One of the most confusing issues impacting the lead acid battery industry centers on the interpretation and implementation of the standard 20-year product warranties offered by battery manufacturers. ...
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Frequency Immittance Testing
From: Exponential PowerDescription: Predicting a battery's performance without actually discharging it has long been a topic of great interest. Battery conductance [1-8] and impedance magnitude have proven very useful in predicting ...
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Harmonics and Harmonic Mitigating Transformers (HMTs): FAQs
From: Exponential PowerDescription: This document has been written to provide answers to the more frequently asked questions we have received regarding harmonics and the Harmonic Mitigating Transformer technology used to address them. ...
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Harmonics and IEEE Std 519
From: Exponential PowerDescription: IEEE Std 519 was first introduced in 1981 to provide direction on dealing with harmonics introduced by static power converters and other nonlinear loads so that power quality problems could be ...
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Impact and Benefit of Full-Discharge Battery Testing
From: Exponential PowerDescription: Stationary batteries require care in two distinct areas. The first involves the need to conduct routine inspections of the system which includes collection of operational data while the battery is in ...
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Impact of Blade Servers on the Critical Power System
From: Exponential PowerDescription: Over a span of five to six years, most servers have moved to dual-corded power input design. This change came about to improve Data Centre resilience, this is, to improve the Nines of availability, in ...
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Selecting Harmonics Transformers vs. K-Factor
From: Exponential PowerDescription: The first signs of the incompatibility between conventional building power distribution systems and personal computers became obvious in the mid-1980s as more and more personal computers appeared in ...
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UPS-Genset Compatibility
From: Exponential PowerDescription: UPSs (Uninterruptible Power Supply) and generator sets are frequently combined to supply continuous power to sensitive applications such as computers, telecommunication centres, industrial processes, ...
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Reducing Utility Demand Charges
From: Exponential PowerDescription: This is a brief explanation of an important subject matter. If you want to know more about changes you can make that can save you money on your electric bills, get in touch with your electric utility ...
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UPS Planning for Power
From: Exponential PowerDescription: Along with the explosive growth in data-processing equipment over the last decade has come an unyielding demand for high-quality, continuous electrical power. Often, institutional and commercial ...
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US Department of Labor, OSHA Standards for Powered Industrial Truck Batteries
From: Exponential PowerDescription: Powered industrial trucks. - 1910.178 ...
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Current-Sense Transformer Application Design Guidelines
From: Datatronics™Description: The standard for precise current measurement in instrumentation and other high reliability equipment applications has been the current sense transformer. They are accurate, easy to implement, and ...
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Polycarbonate Enclosures 101: A Guide for Specifiers
From: Integra Enclosures, Inc.Description: When many in our industry think about electrical enclosures, they think of traditional materials such as carbon steel or stainless steel. That's understandable as these materials continue to dominate ...
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Power Supply Designers Turn to Magnetics Designers for Solutions
From: Premier Magnetics, Inc.Description: In many applications the power supply is the last element to be designed in, a task that often falls on the shoulders of engineers with considerable skills but without much experience in the ...
- White Paper: The Significance of the Intertek ETL Semko Label for the Corrosion Performance of Coated Rigid Metal Conduit
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Design Considerations in Building Shielded Enclosures: Reprinted with Permission from COTS Journal
Description: As electronic systems become more complex, the need to protect against unwanted electromagnetic interference (EMI) becomes more urgent. Components generating high amounts of electromagnetic radiation ...
- Active Barrier and Power Supply
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Bad Cable or Bad Test Fixture?
From: Cirris Systems Corp.Description: A common testing problem is determining whether a reported failure is truly a problem with the Device-Under-Test or a problem with the test interface. Test connectors wear out with repeated usage, ...