Gas Sensing Reference Materials

Description: Because the analyzer response time is critical, large pre-conditioning filters in the sample line are to be avoided. The delay in a filter can be estimated by dividing the filter volume by the sample ...

Description: Unfortunately, the process of preparing accurate solvent mixtures for the precise calibration of the analyzer under the actual operating conditions is sufficiently difficult and unreliable in many ...

Description: The practical difficulty in accurately preparing and storing exact solvent concentrations often precludes their use. Multiple solvent mixtures are even more difficult to adequately control. ...

Description: The catalytic detector consists of two small electrically heated beads having a finely divided platinum or palladium coating on the surface. A reference bead ONLY responds to changes in: The two beads ...

Description: Combustible gases burned in a hydrogen flame produce ions that can be measured as a weak current through an imposed electric field. A well designed FID efficiently and completely burns the sample by ...

Description: The small, well-regulated flame heats the tip of a temperature sensor suspended directly above it. The signal produced by the sensor when no flammable vapors are present drives the LFL indicator up to ...

Description: A typical non-dispersive infrared detector passes a pulsed source of infrared energy through the sample, and measures the energy received by two detectors. One "active" detector responds to ...

Description: Although several different types of sensors are employed as LFL monitors, each has an appropriate application to which it is best suited. Other types of detectors, for example electrochemical and ...

Description: A key element in analyzer performance is the sampling location. Failure to install the sample probe in a "representative" location can lead to inaccurate or greatly delayed readings. A location ...

Description: The speed and accuracy of the analyzer depend equally upon the sampling system and the detector. The final development of the worst accidents occurs in seconds. It is part of the last line of defense ...

Description: A major U.S. cement manufacturing facility completed a five-month field trial of the ABB ACF5000 hot / wet extractive FTIR Continuous Emission Monitoring System (CEMS) in August 2015. ...

Description: Places where pockets of high concentration might occur through uneven ventilation flow or obstruction by the product being coated should be sought out and eliminated. In general, the concentration ...

Description: The minimum ventilation calculations should be made for the "worst case." A direct measurement of the ventilation rate - using properly situated low-pressure switches - should be connected to the ...

Description: Ventilation shall be provided in garages to limit the exposure of workers to carbon monoxide to below the Time-Weighted Average Exposure Value (TWAEV) of 25 parts per million for a normal 8 hour ...

Description: The sensor mounting location within a space may be dependent on many variables. There are no specific formulas since each application will have its own determining factors and priorities. ...

Description: Welcome to ASHRAE Journal's Technical Q&A column. This column provides readers with an opportunity to ask technical questions and have the answers published. Each month the editors will select a ...

Description: The growing demand for underground and enclosed parking and maintenance garages (resulting from limitations on land availability) has increased the awareness and need for proper ventilation and ...

Description: There are several fundamental safety precautions which should be applied to all dryer designs. These requirements call for a minimum below which the ventilation rate is never reduced. This ...

Description: Last week we discussed the 2 cases at which the authorities have determined that certain industrial processes can proceed at solvent vapor concentrations up to, but not exceeding, some percentage of ...

Description: The minimum ventilation calculations should be made for the "worst case." A direct measurement of the ventilation rate - using properly situated low-pressure switches - should be connected to the ...

Description: In order to determine the suitability of a particular analyzer system, it is useful to study potential process upsets. There are two main types of process upsets that could present a hazardous ...

Description: For safety, legal, and compliance reasons industrial plants must monitor oxygen (O2) and carbon monoxide (CO) levels in processes and structures. Traditional technologies for detecting these gases ...

Description: The next topic in our "back to the basics" series is flammable hazards. It's important to understand what causes a fire or explosion to occur in a process before you can even think about preventing ...

Description: For each flammable substance there is a level of concentration in air, usually expressed as a percent by volume, that is known as its Lower Flammable Limit, LFL, or Lower Explosive Limit, LEL. Below ...

Description: The authorities have determined that certain industrial processes can proceed at solvent vapor concentrations up to, but not exceeding, some percentage of the Lower Flammable Limit. The solvent ...

Description: Most published LFL values are calculated at room temperature. But as a given mixture is heated, its flammability increases and thus the concentration required to achieve 100% of its LFL is less. This ...

Description: Many businesses make resolutions, but when they don't work, it's often because the goals are impossible to achieve, the fixes that are needed can't happen in a short time, or there are simply too ...

Description: Almost all LFL data is rounded off to the nearest tenth of a percent by volume. A significant proportion of substances have LFL values with a standard deviation from the average of 0.1% by volume or ...

Description: Trying to find a sensor that will function on the underbelly of an automobile where ice, snow, oil, dirt, grime, very high temperatures and very low temperatures may exist at any given time represents ...

Description: According to the National Coil Coating Association "it is a continuous, automated process for coating metal before fabrication into end products. The steel or aluminum substrate is delivered in coil ...

Description: The US EPA announced on Monday that a notice of violation, or NOV, of the Clean Air Act was issued to Volkswagen. The EPA states that the model years 2009-2015 Volkswagen and Audi vehicles (4-cylinder ...

Description: Hypoxia was in the news recently after a small aircraft went down near Jamaica. After initialing radioing for permission to descend from 25,000 to 20,000 feet due to an indication of an issue, all ...

Description: A ground breaking collaborative research study by Quantachrome Instruments, Rive Technology, Stockholm University, and University of Alicante (Spain) uniquely demonstrated the power of combining 3 ...

Description: Why have so many fires and explosions occurred in industrial processes that were believed to have adequate protection against such hazards? ...

Description: Thermal oxidizers are used to destroy the VOC's present in many industrial ventilation, process exhaust and waste air streams. As their use increases, so does a unique opportunity to be safe, save ...

Description: There are technologies available that will measure % LFL levels that require no fuel. On a first approach this may seem like a nice solution, as there are no utilities needed and the safety ...

Description: Measuring the calorific value of mixed gaseous fuels can be difficult. These complex mixtures of combustible and non-combustible gases and vapors can vary in concentration or composition over time due ...

Description: Flare stacks are often used to dispose of the waste products from batch chemical processes. Their waste streams may contain many components such as ethylene, propylene, natural gas, mineral spirits, ...

Description: While flame ionization is the appropriate sensor technology for measuring total hydrocarbon levels in the parts-per-million (PPM) range, not all FIDs are the same. Many FIDs offered to process ...

Description: Gregorio Ciarlo, Federico Callero and Maurizio Simonelli, ABB SpA, Italy, discuss the application of predictive emission monitoring systems in applications when fuel characteristics are variable or in ...

Description: Halloween is a time for ghosts, goblins & ghoul...but a really frightening thought would be having an unreliable monitoring system! Here are the essential requirements for a reliable solvent vapor ...

Description: Fully Heated Assembly - Keeping all sample wetted parts of the sampling system and analyzer at a high temperature will ensure that all combustible vapors are properly measured, eliminating inaccurate ...

Description: We've discussed the characteristics of an analyzer and the trends found in a flare stack application, but how about WHY you should install a monitoring system. Here are the top reasons you should have ...

Description: Flare stacks are often used to dispose of the waste products from batch chemical processes. Their waste streams may contain many components such as ethylene, propylene, natural gas, mineral spirits, ...

Description: Processes that are monitored for solvent vapor concentrations are typically enclosed, heated spaces that require an active sample drawing system. They have an intentional release of solvent at all ...

Description: Public and private fleet vehicles continue to migrate to use of liquefied natural gas (LNG) and compressed< natural gas (CNG) as this cleaner-burning fuel also offers lower fuel costs and lower ...

Description: LNG (liquefied natural gas) and CNG (compressed natural gas) are common methane fuels used by long haul trucking firms as well as municipal fleet vehicles, also known as NGVs (natural gas vehicles). ...

Description: How does new legislature regarding Carbon Monoxide and Ventilation affect you, as an HVAC contractor? An in-depth look at factors and considerations regarding the implementation of a gas monitoring ...

Description: MSA's guide to gas sensor selection and placement. ...

Description: Fixed gas and flame detection applications. ...

Description: Ozone (O3) is an unstable tri-atomic form of oxygen. It is a very strongly oxidizing gas that is injected into water to remove organics that may contribute color, odor or taste. Most importantly, ...

Description: Hydrogen and the hazards of hydrogen leaks are present in many areas of semiconductor manufacturing facilities. While the basic need to continuously monitor hydrogen leaks is clear, the proper ...

Description: Knowing how combustible gas concentrations vary over time can lead to a better understanding of the firing process and can inform users about safe loading practices. ...

Description: Do not use a combustion flue gas analyzer; use a good quality, recently calibrated LEL (lower explosive limit) meter during natural gas introduction and removal ...

Description: When reliability is critical, photoacoustic infrared monitors offer the best package of performance and value. Topics include: ASHRAE Requirements for Refrigerant Monitoring, General Infrared ...

Description: The Risks of Unmonitored Hydrogen in Battery Installations white paper dives into this critical topic, thoroughly examining the hazards of hydrogen relative to battery installations, fire code ...

Description: examining the hazards of hydrogen relative to battery installations, fire code regulations and enforcement and hydrogen-monitoring best practices. ...

Description: Coil coating line managers report that they experience three basic problems in solvent vapor monitoring, we've discussed the maintenance and accuracy issues, now let's look at response time: Coil ...

Description: The use of total organic carbon (TOC) measurements has become a widespread best practice throughout the pharmaceutical, semiconductor, municipal water treatment, and wastewater industries. Many ...

Description: Industrial manufacturing facilities use a variety of hazardous gases and solvents in their production processes. Whenever these substances are transported, processed or stored, the potential risks are ...

Description: It is essential to any cleaning validation program that analytical methods are selected appropriately for their intended use. Analytical methods should be able to adequately determine that a validated ...

Description: Numerous studies have been conducted to compare the performance of various TOC methodologies on a wide range of raw source water and finished drinking water samples. The methodologies studied are ...

Description: Most flammable vapor analyzers respond differently to different vapors. Whenever the process solvent is changed, the analyzer must be either recalibrated or reprogrammed to ensure that it's ...

Description: We will focus only on those flammable hazards involving flammable gases and vapors. The difference between a gas and a vapor is that vapors arise from liquids, whereas gases are normally in a gaseous ...

Description: Indoor and outdoor gas hazards that exist in open areas are usually monitored using diffusion-type sensors. A diffusion sensor has no active sample-drawing system; diffusion sensors rely on the ...

Description: Gas & Vapor Atmospheric Groups Flammable gases and vapors are separated into four different atmospheric groups: Group A - Atmospheres containing acetylene. Group B - Atmospheres containing hydrogen, ...

Description: A basic principle of safety can be illustrated by the accident triangle. This principle states that for each accidental death that occurs, there are X instances of human injury, Y instances of ...

Description: In addition to the sensor technologies already discussed, CIC offers a series of electrochemical sensors (Echem). Echem sensors are able to read a specific gas even when it is mixed in a background of ...

Description: The following instruments are capable of detecting flammable gases and vapors. Of these four, only cata lytic and flame temperature sensors are recommended for [FL monitoring. ...

Description: Most flammable vapor analyzers share a common trait-they respond differently to different vapors. For example, you would expect an analyzer calibrated for Toluene to accurately measure any Toluene ...

Description: Gas/vapor hazards usually are present in air. The amount of gas/vapor present reduces the amount of air present. There are three basic mixtures of a flammable gas/vapor in air. ...

Description: Hazardous gases found in semiconductor facilities must be continuously monitored to ensure the health & safety of employees, to protect property, as well as to maintain regulatory compliance. Reliable ...

Description: Most flammable vapor analyzers share a common trait-they respond differently to different vapors. For example, you would expect an analyzer calibrated for Toluene to accurately measure any Toluene ...

Description: Sensors that detect leaks spend most of their lives exposed to little or no flammable gas. Only rarely are they needed to detect the leak, and in these moments they are useful if they can indicate the ...

Description: Most flammable vapor analyzers share a common trait-they respond differently to different vapors. For example, you would expect an analyzer calibrated for Toluene to accurately measure any Toluene ...

Description: Most flammable vapor analyzers share a common trait-they respond differently to different vapors. For example, you would expect an analyzer calibrated for Toluene to accurately measure any Toluene ...

Description: Most flammable vapor analyzers share a common trait-they respond differently to different vapors. For example, you would expect an analyzer calibrated for Toluene to accurately measure any Toluene ...

Description: Marshall Gas Controls in San Marcos, Texas, a division of the S.H. Leggitt Co., is a high-volume manufacturer of high-pressure and adjustable liquid propane gas regulators, hose assemblies and ...

Description: International Truck and Engine Corp. produces commercial trucks, mid-range diesel engines, school buses, chassis for motor homes and step vans, and diesel engines for the pickup truck, van and SUV ...

Description: Must quality engineers and production managers always be at odds? The former seeks perfection while the latter pushes for greater throughput. With the latest improvements in leak detection devices, ...

Description: Ongoing hardware, software and networking advances in low-cost, general-purpose computing platforms have opened the door for powerful, highly usable, integrated test platforms for demanding industrial ...

Description: CO2 adsorption over ion-exchanged zeolite beta with alkali and alkaline earth metal ions ...

Description: We investigated the degradation mechanism of OTFT performance in the plasma processing. In order to examine the origin of the degradation mechanism due to the plasma exposure, the relationships ...

Description: The need to precisely and accurately measure Ammonia (NH3) in gas cylinders. The analytical approach must be fast, reliable, easy-to-use, consume very little gas and be economical. Calgaz, a Division ...

Description: This case history describes how one customer used the CalorVal BTU analyzer to measure the heating value of its varying waste stream with water vapor & high levels of corrosives going into a flare ...

Description: This case history describes how one customer optimized their process, reduced waste and increased their efficiency by using the CalorVal BTU analyzer to read high concentrations of methanol in the UFL ...

Description: This guide discusses how best to optimize combustion efficiency in any application using combustion plant. Combustion optimization in some form or other has become an absolute necessity for all ...

Description: sing PrevEx Flammability Analyzers, this Coil Coater operates safely & saves energy! ...

Description: This customer automated damper controls on their ovens and maximized energy savings! ...

Description: We all need to breathe the Oxygen (O2) in air to live. Air is made up of several different gases including Oxygen. Normal ambient air contains an Oxygen concentration of 20.9% v/v. When the Oxygen ...

Description: Occupational Exposure Limit values (OELs) are set by competent national authorities or other relevant national institutions as limits for concentrations of hazardous compounds in workplace air. ...

Description: There are many different applications for flammable, toxic and Oxygen gas detection. Industrial processes increasingly involve the use and manufacture of highly dangerous substances, particularly ...

Description: This case study discusses why one company chose the PrevEx Flammability analyzers to monitor their oxidizers. ...

Description: This white paper describes the measurement challenges involved in monitoring the energy of gaseous fuels. ...

Description: This case history describes how one customer used PrevEx flammabiltiy analyzers to reduce ventilation air & fuel costs without affecting production rates or violating safety directives. ...

Description: This case history describes how one customer used PrevEx flammabiltiy analyzers to monitor its thin-film deposition onto solar cells. ...

Description: This case history describes how a customer used the SNR650 Flame Ionization Detector to monitor the switching of its carbon beds in a solvent recovery system for optimum performance. ...

Description: This case history describes how the CalorVal BTU analyzer is used to provide a real-time measurement of the Toal Calorific Value of a clean producer gas formed from the gasification of waste wood ...

Description: The oxygen sensors used in BW instruments are of the self-powered, diffusion-limited, metal-air battery type. They are comprised of an anode, an electrolyte and an air cathode. Oxygen sensors are ...

Description: This case history describes how one Company uses the CalorVal BTU Analyzer to measure the total calorific value of its syngas in order to optimize engine performance. ...