8.1 Introduction

The aim of this chapter is to introduce the topic of smart fluid machines in layman's language. Successively, the objectives are to explain the concept of flexible machine operation, digital catching, load requirements on smart fluid power transmissions and the scope for smart fluid devices. Following two easy to understand kinematic applications the wider electronics-hydraulics interfacial field and commercial applications are described in brief.

8.2 Concepts and Philosophy

The smart machine features variable configuration of function (flexibility) via electronic control alone; the same hardware is always involved with no downtime for changing the geometry of the solid parts and hence the motion via alteration of levers, gear changes, swapping pulleys, etc.

Large forces F, high speeds U and significant displacements ? are the prime features of a machine. In perspective, mechanical machines are the fastest and most forceful of all; they are inflexible yet are capable of high precision and stiffness of hold over lengthy sweeps or strokes ~ 250mm. Electromagnetic machines inherently feature variable speed working, are weaker than mechanical machines but have recently become more capable of digital or analogue flexible operation via servo or stepper motors. Their competitive position has significantly improved since the development of new permanent magnet materials and solid state controllers which can rapidly force current (producing magnetic field) into their windings.

Machines of all types are limited by heating, stress/flux saturation and, for...