10.1 Introduction

The literature is replete with definitions of smart and intelligent materials. The common thread is that the material (or structure) has to be capable of sensing its surroundings and responding accordingly. Argument arises because there are so many levels at which this functionality can exist, each with its own level of complexity and competence. The general model requires a means of input or sensing, perhaps with transduction, some type of integration or decision-making, and an appropriate output ^[1]. There is no limitation on the identity of any of these components the definition is totally functional. At what levels do these types of function occur in biology, and what can we learn from them? This review represents only my own limited views and interpretations. The examples quoted are but a small subset of what is available in nature, but represent areas either where there is current advance in a biomimetic approach, or where there ought to be!

10.2 Intelligent Biomimetics