Robert A.Bergman, P.E.
CH2M HILL
Gainesville, Florida

A wide variety of membrane processes can be categorized according to driving force, membrane type and configuration, and removal capabilities and mechanisms. Membrane processes in the drinking water industry are used for desalting, softening, dissolved organics and color removal, particle and microbial removal, and other purposes. Although membrane technologies became commercially available more than 30 years ago, they are experiencing rapid development and improvements.

Membranes are increasingly cost-effective with better performance characteristics, and their applications continue to grow. For example, membrane filtration systems are now used to remove Giardia, Cryptosporidium, and other particles from surface water supplies and to treat backwash return waters from conventional water treatment plants.

This chapter is based on current state-of-the-art membrane system design criteria. Some of the design data will undoubtedly change as new developments occur. The reader should keep abreast of new developments in membranes and system components by attending training seminars, reviewing publications and ongoing research reports, and contacting manufacturers, consultants, and other professionals practicing in the field.