Measurement circuits are critical in the analysis, design, and maintenance of electronic systems. For those who work in electronics, these circuits and systems become the eyes into the world of the electron that cannot be directly seen. The main objective of such systems is to not influence what is being measured or observed. This is accomplished by a range of types of measurement circuits. All of these are considered in this section.

A key element of systems that measure is how the measurement is actually made. Without an understanding of how the measurement is made, one cannot understand the limitations. It is possible to make a measurement and be off by several orders of magnitude. We look at the process of making measurements and what to look for so that one can have a level of confidence in the measurement.

Substitution and analog measurements have been an important mainstay of this field. Unlike measurements that involve some digital systems, the accuracy and precision of the measurements depend totally on the precision of elements used in the measurement systems. We look at a variety of measurement techniques using substitution and look at analog devices like ohmmeters. Digital instruments have many advantages especially when used in data acquisition systems.

An important component of measurement systems is the transducer. The transducer converts a physical...