Batteries Specifications

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Performance Specifications

	Voltage		This is the nominal battery voltage.
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	Capacity, Amp Hours (AH)		Capacity in ampere hours (AH) is the amount of time, from discharge start to finish, multiplied by the discharge current.
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	Operating Temperature:		This is the full-required range of ambient operating temperature.
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Battery Type

	Battery Type
	Your choices are...
	Disposable (Primary) Batteries		Disposable (primary) batteries are cannot be recharged. Energy is exhausted as materials are consumed.
	Rechargeable (Secondary) Batteries		Rechargeable (secondary) batteries can be reused. They contain active materials that are regenerated by charging.
	Lead Acid Batteries		Lead acid batteries are rechargeable batteries that represent about 60% of battery sales worldwide. All lead batteries perform the same set of reactions and use the same active materials. At the positive electrode, lead dioxide (PbO2) is converted to lead sulfate (PbSO4). At the negative electrode, sponge metallic lead (Pb) is also converted to lead sulfate (PbSO4). The electrolyte is a dilute mixture of sulfuric acid that provides the sulfate ion for the discharge reactions.  Lead acid batteries are categorized by application and construction. Major applications are starting (automotive), deep-cycle, and dual purpose (marine). The major construction types are flooded (wet), gel cell, and absorbed glass mat (AGM).
	Reserve Batteries		Reserve batteries separate the electrolyte from the rest of the battery in order to keep the electrolyte inert. They can have a shelf life of up to 20 years, but perform almost instantly when activated.
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Disposable (Primary) Batteries Primary batteries are not rechargeable since the chemical reaction that produces the electricity is not reversible.

	Primary Batteries
	Your choices are...
	Zinc-carbon		Available in AAA, AA, C, D and 9-volt sizes. Common applications are toys, remote controls, flashlights and other household items.  Zinc-carbon cells, also known as "Leclanché" cells, were the first widely used household batteries. Rated at 1.5 volts per cell, they are much lower in cost compared to alkalines, but also have a lower energy density.
	Zinc Chloride		Heavy-duty zinc chloride batteries (ZnCl2) are the result of technological advances in zinc carbon battery manufacturing.  A powdery mix serves as the cathode component of the zinc chloride battery. The mix is made of manganese dioxide (the active ingredient), carbon black (for electrical conductivity and moisture absorption), and zinc chloride electrolyte (which assists the chemical reaction).
	Magnesium		As an active primary cell, magnesium has been used successfully in a magnesium / manganese dioxide (Mg/MnO2) cell.  It has twice the service life of a zinc cell of equivalent size.  It is able to retain its capacity during storage due to a protective film that forms on the surface of the magnesium anode.  The cost is competitive.
	Alkaline-manganese Dioxide		Containing an alkaline electrolyte of potassium hydroxide, these batteries were developed in the early 1960s and still hold a strong position in today's market.  Alkalines are a very popular, multi-use premium battery. Rated at 1.5 volts per cell, they are available in the common AAA, AA, C, D and 9-volt sizes. They have a very good shelf life and are excellent for high drain rate applications, such as electronics applications.  Alkaline batteries can deliver 50-100% more total energy than conventional carbon zinc batteries of the same size, making them popular for consumer applications.
	Mercuric Oxide		Mercuric oxide batteries (HgO) offer a reliable and constant rate of discharge.  They can be made in a wide variety of sizes, and are intended for use in medical devices. Manufacturers have stopped designing equipment that requires mercuric oxide batteries. However, mercuric oxide batteries may remain in hospital stock for many years for use in older equipment. The shelf life of mercuric oxide batteries is up to ten years.
	Silver Oxide		Silver oxide cells (Ag2O) are commonly found as button cells that power small electronic devices such as watches, calculators, hearing aids and other small specialty devices. Rated at 1.55 volts per cell, their advantage is small size, high energy density and long shelf life.
	Zinc / Air		The zinc / air cell (ZnO2) is a primary battery (non-rechargeable) that is commonly used for applications such as watches and hearing aids. In relation to their physical size, zinc / air batteries store more energy per unit of weight (in terms of 220 W h/kg) than any other primary type.
	Other		Other unlisted, specialized, or proprietary primary battery.
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	Lithium Primary Batteries
	Your choices are...
	Lithium / Sulfur Dioxide		Lithium / sulfur dioxide cells (Li/SO2) are used almost exclusively in military / aerospace applications and have somewhat lower energy density than manganese dioxide-lithium or poly (carbon monofluoride) lithium cells. Their service life and energy density are less than half that of thionyl chloride-lithium cells. For safety, an "emergency" vent structure is required in the hermetically welded case.
	Lithium / Thionyl Chloride		Lithium / thionyl chloride batteries (Li/SOCl2) have a nominal cell voltage of 3.6V, a very high energy density, and a good temperature range. Typical applications are computer-memory backup power, instruments, and small electronics. The widespread use of these batteries for consumer applications is limited because of their high cost and concerns about safety and handling. After extended shelf storage times, the lithium anode may start to form a protective film. This film will initially cause a voltage delay when first placed into service. The lithium / thionyl chloride cell also is produced with BrCl additives to yield an increase in cell voltage to 3.9V, and an increase in energy density to about 1000Wh/L with overall safer operation.
	Lithium / Manganese Dioxide		Lithium / manganese dioxide batteries (LiMnO2) are available as cylindrical cells or as button cells. Advantages include high gravimetric and volumetric energy densities, high pulse capability, long shelf life, and operation over a wide temperature range.
	Lithium / Carbon Monofluoride		Lithium / carbon monofluoride cells (Li/ (CF)n) are high energy density batteries used in low weight, long life applications.  These batteries use a solid cathode and organic electrolyte, and have an unparalleled safety record. Typical usages include aerospace (qualified for space use since 1976), terrestrial, marine, and missiles.
	Lithium / Copper Oxide		Lithium / copper oxide (LI/CuO) and lithium-copper oxyphosphate cells were produced until the mid-1990s. Currently, the use of this technology is limited.
	Lithium / Iodine		Lithium iodine cells (LiI2) exhibit outstanding performance (very low self-discharge rate, excellent reliability, very high hermeticity, etc.) but for a limited field of application, in particular for cardiac pacemakers.
	Lithium / Silver Vanadium Oxide		Lithium silver vanadium oxide batteries (Li/SVO) are designed for medically implantable devices such as cardio defibrillators, neuro-stimulators, atrial defibrillators, and drug infusers.
	Other		Other unlisted, specialized, or proprietary lithium primary batteries.
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Rechargeable (Secondary) Batteries

	Secondary Batteries
	Your choices are...
	Nickel-cadmium		Nickel-cadmium batteries (Ni-Cd) are best known as the small AA size rechargeable batteries used in children’s toys. One of the most widely used rechargeable batteries. They are very dependable but contain cadmium and have relatively low capacity when compared to other rechargeable systems. Very good high rate discharge capabilities make them very popular in high drain applications such as power tools.   A more evolved version of the simple nickel-cadmium battery, the vented sintered-plate nickel-cadmium battery is a secondary battery comprised of twenty individual cells.
	Nickel-zinc		Characterized by a high specific energy and power capability, nickel-zinc batteries (Ni-Zn) provide energy for electric vehicle applications, such as small vans and passenger cars.
	Iron Electrode		Today, the nickel-iron battery (NiFe) is the most important commercial rechargeable system using iron electrodes.  They are physically almost indestructible.  They have a long life, and can withstand electrical abuse (overcharge, over discharge, short-circuiting, etc.).  They are higher cost than lead acid batteries and have a low cell voltage, low power density, and lower energy density than competitive systems.  Iron-silver batteries have been used in special electronics applications.  The iron-silver oxide batteries have a high energy density and a high cycle life, but they are expensive.  Iron / air batteries may be used as motive power systems.  They have good energy density and low self-discharge, but they have a low efficiency and poor low temperature performance.
	Silver Oxide		Silver oxide batteries (AgO) are noted for their high energy density and power density.  The silver electrode is high cost, and this has limited the use of the silver oxide batteries to applications such as lightweight medical and electronic equipment, submarines, torpedoes, and space applications.  The silver-zinc cell has the highest energy per unit weight and volume.  Other silver oxide batteries are silver-cadmium and silver-iron.
	Nickel-hydrogen		The sealed nickel hydrogen secondary battery (Ni-H2) is a hybrid combining battery and fuel-cell technologies.  These batteries have a long cycle life (exceeding all other maintenance-free secondary battery systems), high specific energy, high power density, and tolerance for electrical abuse.  Applications include mainly the aerospace field, but programs have been started for long-life stand-alone photovoltaic systems.
	Nickel-metal Hydride		Interchangeable with most nickel-cadmium batteries (NiCd), nickel metal hydride (NiMH) batteries generally deliver 10-25% greater capacity than NiCds and are more environmentally friendly than NiCds since they do not contain cadmium. Used in many wireless phones and camcorders.
	Rechargeable Zinc / Alkaline / Manganese Dioxide		These are the rechargeable "primary" types.  They have a low initial cost, good retention of capacity, and are completely sealed and maintenance-free.  However, their useful capacity is only about two-thirds that of the primary cells, they have a limited life cycle, and the available energy decreases rapidly with cycling and depth of discharge.
	Metal / Air		Metal / air batteries have been the recipient of much interest, because of their high energy density, long shelf life, low cost, and environmental soundness.
	Other		Other unlisted, specialized, or proprietary secondary battery.
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	Lithium Secondary Batteries
	Your choices are...
	Lithium / Manganese Dioxide		The lithium / manganese dioxide system (Li/MnO2) offers the best balance of performance and safety for consumer replaceable battery applications.  They contain liquid organic electrolyte and solid cathode cells.
	Lithium / Titanium Disulfide		The reaction in lithium / titanium disulfide batteries (Li/TiS2) occurs very rapidly and in a highly reversible manner at ambient temperatures as a result of structural retention. Titanium disulfide is a solid cathode material.  It has a relatively flat discharge and high energy density.
	Lithium / Iron Sulfide		Lithium / iron sulfide batteries (LiFeSx) are under development for use in electric vehicles.  Operating at a temperature range of 375 - 500°C, the lithium / iron sulfide battery possesses high power, works well in many environments, and is safe, but requires a thermal management system to maintain a proper temperature.
	Lithium / Iron Phosphate		Lithium iron phosphate batteries are made using LiFePO4 as the cathode material.  Batteries made with this material have better safety characteristics than lithium ion batteries made with different cathode material.
	Lithium / Manganese Titanium		Lithium / manganese titanium rechargeable batteries (LiMnTi) are compact rechargeable batteries developed for rechargeable watches, and backup power supplies for pagers and timers. The batteries employ lithium-manganese, a complex oxide as cathode material, and lithium-titanium oxide as the anode material. The batteries provide a capacity that is more than 10 times that of capacitors of the same size.
	Lithium / Polymer		The lithium-polymer battery differs from other battery systems in the type of electrolyte used. The original design, which dates back to the 1970s, uses a polymer electrolyte. The polymer electrolyte replaces the traditional porous separator, which is soaked with electrolytes.  The dry polymer design offers simplifications with respect to fabrication, ruggedness, safety and thin-profile. There is no danger of flammability because no liquid or gelled electrolyte is used.  Theoretically, it is possible to create designs that form part of a protective housing, are in the shape of a mat that can be rolled up, or are even embedded into a carrying case or a piece of clothing.
	Lithium-ion		Also referred to as lithium-carbon.  The lithium-ion rechargeable cell (Li-ion) refers to a cell whose negative active material is carbon to which lithium cations are intercalated or deintercalated during the charge-discharge process.  Li-ion is one of the newer rechargeable battery technologies. These batteries can deliver more capacity than comparably sized NiCd batteries and are one of the lightest rechargeable batteries available today. Li-ion batteries are the batteries of choice in notebook computers, wireless telephones, and many camcorder models. They are also one of the more expensive rechargeable technologies. Lithium / cobalt oxide - The lithium / cobalt oxide cathode battery (LiCoO2) is very light and has an energy density about three times higher than that of the conventional rechargeable batteries. It is now indispensable for the power source of various portable or mobile IT instruments which need reduction of weight and volume.  This lithium ion battery will play a significant role from the viewpoint of the environment, as it is replacing rechargeable batteries, which contain harmful elements such as lead and cadmium.  Lithium / nickel oxide - The lithium / nickel oxide positive electrode (LiNiO2), has a capacity almost 40% over currently mass-produced batteries. Many can withstand about 500 charge cycles. Lithium / manganese oxide - Lithium / manganese oxide batteries (LiMn2O4) are characterized by high energy density, high power density, good storage life and discharge performance. They offer a big advantage over alkaline batteries and their cost is modest.
	Lithium-vanadium		Vanadium pentoxide (Li/V2O5) is a solid cathode material into which lithium ions are inserted. Discharge plateaus are observed at 3.3 V and 2.4 V.  The system is low pressure, so low rate cells do not need to have a safety vent. Vanadium pentoxide is mainly used in reserve batteries but it is likely to be of more importance in rechargeable lithium batteries in the future.
	Other		Other unlisted, specialized, or proprietary lithium secondary battery.
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Battery Cell Size

	Standard Battery Sizes
	Your choices are...
	AAAA		AAAA batteries are 40.2 mm long, 8.4 mm in diameter, and ANSI / NEDA 25A.
	AAA		AA batteries are 44.5 mm long, 10.5 mm in diameter, and IEC LR03, ANSI / NEDA 24A.
	N		N batteries are 28 mm long, 11.5 mm in diameter, and IEC LR1, ANSI / NEDA 910A.
	1/3 AA		1/3 AA batteries are 17.5 mm long and 14.2 mm in diameter.
	2/3 AA		2/3 AA batteries are 28.7 mm long and 14.2 mm in diameter.
	AA		AA batteries are 50 mm long, 14.2 mm in diameter, and IEC LR6, ANSI / NEDA 15A.
	1/2 A		1/2 A batteries are 30 mm long and 14.2 mm in diameter.
	2/3 A		2/3 A batteries are 28.5 mm long and 17mm in diameter.
	A		Batteries are 50 mm long and 17 mm in diameter.
	4/5 Cs		4/5 Cs are 34 mm long and 23 mm in diameter. They are sometimes referred to as 4/5 Sub-C batteries.
	Cs		Cs are 43 mm long and 23 mm in diameter. They are sometimes referred to as Sub-C batteries.
	C		C batteries are 46 mm long, 26 mm in diameter, and IEC LR14, ANSI / NEDA 14A.
	1/2 D		1/2 D batteries are 37 mm long and 33 mm in diameter.
	D		D batteries are 58 mm long, 33 mm in diameter, and IEC LR20, ANSI / NEDA 13A.
	9V		9V batteries are 26.5 mm long, 48.5mm high, 17.5mm wide, IEC 6LR61, and ANSI / NEDA 1604A.
	Other		Other unlisted, specialized, or proprietary standard battery sizes.
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	Specialty Cells
	Your choices are...
	Nonstandard Cylindrical Batteries		Batteries are nonstandard devices and cylindrical in shape.
	Prismatic Cells		Prismatic cells have slightly lower energy densities than cylindrical cells and are more expensive to manufacture. The design of their venting systems may cause them to bulge if the battery is not used or charged correctly.  In this type of cell construction, the anode and cathode are inserted into a rectangular shaped case, with separators between them. This offers improved flexibility when designing battery packs and better use of space than the cylindrical construction method.
	Coin Cell or Button Cells		There are over forty different sizes of button and coin cells.  They are often used in devices such as watches and calculators.
	Sachet Cells		Sachet or pouch cells are a relatively new packaging design. The hard casing that typically surrounds the electrodes is replaced by a flexible foil packaging that maximizes the use of space and reduces the weight of the device. Because they can be shaped to fit a specific space, foil pouches are often custom manufactured for special applications.
	Lantern		Lantern batteries commonly use 6 V and are ANSI / NEDA 918A, 915A, and 908A.
	Thin Film		Thin film batteries are very thin batteries that can be built into devices such as an integrated circuit, or a plastic card.
	Battery Packs and Assemblies		Primary or rechargeable batteries packed together with a connector for cellular phones, camcorders, and cordless phones.
	Other		Other unlisted, specialized, or proprietary specialty cells.
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Dimensions and Weight

	Width / Diameter		This is the width of nonstandard cells, or the diameter of nonstandard cylindrical cell batteries.
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	Depth		This is the depth of nonstandard batteries.
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	Height		This is the height of nonstandard batteries.
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	Weight		This is the overall weight of the battery or battery pack.
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Applications

	Your choices are...
	General Purpose		Batteries are designed for general-purpose applications.
	Aircraft		Aircraft batteries are FAA or PMA approved and may be lead acid or NiCad devices. They are used in aircraft systems such as emergency power, lighting, and turbine starting.
	Automotive		Automotive batteries are generally lead acid devices that are used for starting-lighting-ignition (SLI) applications.
	Camera / Electronic Cells		Batteries are designed for cameras or other common electronic devices.
	Electric Vehicle		The batteries in electric vehicles (EVs) are rechargeable. They can be lead acid, nickel-iron, NiCad, NiMH, sodium sulfur, lithium, zinc and aluminum air batteries, or flywheels for nonchemical energy storage. Energy density is a main selection criterion for EV batteries.
	Industrial / Forklift		Industrial and forklift type batteries are deep cycle devices.
	Laptop Batteries		Laptop batteries are battery packs made specifically for use in laptop or notebook computers.
	Marine / Recreational Vehicle		There are two kinds of marine or recreational vehicle (RV) batteries: deep cycle marine batteries and starting marine batteries. Both kinds of batteries are sealed, maintenance-free, flooded plate types.
	Medical Equipment		Batteries are designed for use in medical equipment applications including life support, hearing aids, patient lifts, and wheelchairs.
	Implantable Batteries		Batteries are designed for use in implantable medical devices such as pacemakers.
	Military / Aerospace		Batteries are manufactured for military or aerospace applications, often to MIL-SPEC requirements.
	Oil and Natural Gas Industries		Batteries are manufactured for specific applications in the oil and natural gas industries.
	Renewable Energy		These batteries are used where discharging and charging occurs frequently. Solar or photovoltaic (PV) batteries are sealed, maintenance-free, and flooded plate devices.
	Telecommunications		Telecommunications batteries are sealed and maintenance-free. They stay on float charge for long periods of time and deliver high outputs for short durations.
	Toy / Hobby		Batteries are designed for use in high drain toy and hobby applications.
	Stand-by / UPS Batteries		Stand-by batteries are used in applications such as uninterruptible power supplies (UPS), emergency lighting, alarm systems, and electronic equipment. UPS batteries are sealed and maintenance-free. They stay on float charge for long periods of time and deliver high outputs for short durations.
	Other		Other unlisted, specialized, or proprietary applications.
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