Flow Sensing Reference Materials

Description: Editor’s Note: This post was originally published on November 28, 2011. Due to its popularity and continued questions on this issue, we updated the post on March 9, 2018. Choosing the right ...

Description: Vortex flowmeter technology is an ideal technology for many applications particularly saturated and supersaturated steam, volumetric water applications as well as flow energy management (natural gas, ...

Description: Many of us have heard the sound of pipes banging as we turn a faucet on or off. This sound is the water in the pipe being forced to stop or suddenly change direction and is called “water hammer.� ...

Description: Since the early twentieth century, geothermal energy has been used to produce electricity. In the 1980’s and 90’s, rapid expansion in the demand for geothermal energy put pressure on ...

Description: Imagine this: You’ve got your flow meter with 4-20mA output setup. Confidently, you flip the switch, turning it on and then it happens-the readings are off. You’re not getting the ...

Description: Over the past couple of decades, the process industries have seen many changes when it comes to the design and implementation of emergency shutdown/safety systems. The introduction of several ...

Description: This article describes what CTA thermal mass flow meters are; the conventional type and their applications; and what makes Mass-Stream™ technology different. ...

Description: The European Union, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and many other global groups are working to reduce the greenhouse gases (GHGs) that are the main cause of the global warming ...

Description: The original plan was to develop a flow measurement and control system with leak detection and energy-use calculations for liquid-cooled supercomputers at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. ...

Description: By Richard Fertell, Hamed Ershad, York Xu, Osborne Gumbs, Tammy Tran This article is the first of a series describing how to perform liquid flow rate calibrations at fluid temperatures below +5 °C and ...

Description: Years of talk about observing and studying coolant flow in a clear simulated cooling channel finally becomes a reality. Here's how it all came together, and what it all means. ...

Description: An article on how to use calorimeters in measuring the heating value in flare stacks. ...

Description: Flow measurement in the food and beverage and the pharmaceutical and biotech processing industries is one of the most fundamental and critical measurement applications in terms of affecting product ...

Description: Generating electricity in a natural gas power plant is a complex process due to the multiple steps involved with the different types of fluids being used and optimized. Dr. John Olin, Founder of ...

Description: An insertion-type (immersible) thermal flow meter works by measuring the total mass flow rate of air/gas flowing through a pipe or duct. In a thermal flow meter’s simplest working ...

Description: When looking for a way to reduce plant operating costs, one of the potentially simplest and often least expensive solutions is to measure liquid and gas flow more accurately. Plant upgrade projects ...

Description: No, Liquid Properties are not underwater real estate. Rather, they are the characteristics of flowing substances or fluids. ...

Description: Efficient process flows are, of course, essential for any manufacturing operation, but for food manufacturers, the nature of the ingredients moving within these flows presents unique challenges. Few ...

Description: In the oil and gas industry, regulations and requirements to measure, monitor and report flared gases continue to expand and extend. The USA EPA continues to focus on enhancing regulations aimed at ...

Description: When looking for a way to reduce plant operating costs, one of the potentially simplest and often least expensive solutions is to measure liquid and gas flow more accurately. Plant upgrade projects ...

Description: Industrial pumps consume up to 20% of the world's energy production and can be responsible for 25 to 50% of a process plant's energy bill, according to Europump, the Hydraulic Institute and other ...

Description: A company with multiple natural gas liquid (NGL) fractionation process facilities located in the Southeastern U.S became concerned about a series of missed events and nuisance alarms caused by the ...

Description: When the plant team at a large semiconductor manufacturer in the northwestern region of the U.S. found its boilers were consuming an unusually large quantity of natural gas, the numbers simply didn't ...

Description: Improved flow measurement is primed to have a growing impact on reducing water loss across the entire water distribution network. ...

Description: Users often question whether their measuring devices are working properly and within specified measurement accuracy. The new CoriolisMaster flowmeter models by ABB include technology for integrated ...

Description: This graph demonstrates the principle that Reynolds Numbers greater than 8000 represent diminishing return on investment. ...

Description: It is a fact of the industry that oil and gas companies are required, by various rules and regulations, to routinely perform gas sampling to establish gas composition, flow rates and gas properties. ...

Description: This new white paper discusses the impact this new technology has had on how MFCs are engineered into different systems, and the way plants have modified their operations to take full advantage of ...

Description: When buying a mass flow controller, the accuracy specification that is published on the data sheet is important criteria to evaluate. ...

Description: It is a fact that in order to comply with various government rules and regulations, oil and gas companies have to continually take natural gas samples to prove the gas composition and amount of gas ...

Description: Oil wells almost always produce natural gas along with the petroleum. In many cases, it is uneconomical to process due to heavy contamination. ...

Description: Use this infographic to learn how counting molecules saves you money and increases accuracy in results. ...

Description: The heat is on. Most facilities managers are in the hot seat to account for all of the flow energy, going in and out of their facility which is no easy task. This mandate is no different for steam ...

Description: The flare gas discussion is heating up again. According to the Bureau of Land Management (BLM), U.S. oil production is at an all-time high, and so are the harmful methane emissions from leaks, flaring ...

Description: The EPA's Boiler MACT (Maximum Achievable Control Technology) regulations are heating up. Boiler MACT is an EPA rule to limit hazardous air pollutants (HAP) from commercial and industrial boilers and ...

Description: Hoffer inline turbine flowmeters are velocity measuring devices, which is to say they measure the average velocity of a fluid flowing through the body of the meter. ...

Description: Chlorine (CL2) is a member of the halogen elements group that is highly reactive and bonds easily with hydrogen to form HCL acid. HCL attacks stainless steel aggressively - literally passivating the ...

Description: "Rule of thumb" flow per line size chart. ...

Description: Obstructions in cooling can wreak havoc on molding. Here, a well-known supplier to molders that also molds recounts its experience and offers tips on how you can keep things flowing. ...

Description: The measurement and control of gas flows in production, refinery and R&D operations has a direct effect on efficiency, costs, safety, and environmental standards. ...

Description: Pharmaceutical and biotech companies can fine-tune costs, quality, and emissions if they are equipped with more effective measurement systems. ...

Description: For gas mass flow measurement and control, Sierra offers the broadest selection of thermal mass flow measurement products on the market. This is because our thermal mass flow products incorporate two ...

Description: Since the introduction of ultrasonic transit-time flow meters, manufacturers have continually improved their measurement and signal processing capabilities. Recent advances in digital correlation ...

Description: This white paper, part 3 of our core technology series, explores the mechanics and science that make up a multivariable vortex meter by showing the evolution from the original idea of a vortex ...

Description: Faced with less time and personnel to devote to an increasing range of control and measurement problems, engineers must often weigh the cost of inaccuracy against the initial and maintenance cost of ...

Description: John Olin, founder and CEO of Sierra Instruments, Inc., in Monterey, California, provides a historical perspective on the development of thermal mass flow measurement. ...

Description: In the food industry, it is frequently necessary to dose, pump, mix and blend liquids. Continuous mixing processes can be implemented directly in piping using ratio-based or Blendline control systems, ...

Description: To optimize combustion in a lime oven, the air flow must preferably be captured in standard units such as scfm. The air is sucked in from the atmosphere, with the pressure being virtually constant at ...

Description: Milk is an important food for us. It is a natural product and consists primarily of water, fat, protein, milk sugar (lactose) and mineral compounds. It also contains enzymes, vitamins and trace ...

Description: The Kraul & Wilkening u. Stelling company has been producing bio-ethanol and technical alcohol since 1856 and is a specialist in the production of highly concentrated alcohol. ...

Description: Many users who need to control gas flow in their process don't want to spend a lot of time setting up their own flow control scheme, and instead purchase a mass flow controller. ...

Description: Gas pressure control is critical in many applications like life sciences and chemical/petrochemical research where flow is an integral part of the process. ...

Description: Pressures in the reactor vessel can range from a few hundred PSIG to several thousand PSIG. Since an MFC is a closed loop control system with a valve that is sized for a specific set of conditions for ...

Description: Are you utilizing high pressures in your applications (> 1500 psig)? Have you had issues with down time due to clogged valves? Does your process utilize a gas that acts as a super-critical fluid? ...

Description: There are many reasons why this can occur, such as a change in mounting orientation, ambient temperature, or process pressure. ...

Description: Measurement of the level of a liquid in a tank using a pressure transmitter to measure the pressure created by the weight of the liquid. The key feature of this method is the use of a small diameter ...

Description: When specifying flow, pressure, temperature or other wetted process control instrumentation there is a lot that needs to be considered: flow rates, pressures, temperatures, I/O signals, material ...

Description: The sparging of CO2 and O2 in bioprocessing controls the pH and dissolved O2 levels required to maintain the ideal fermentation environment in bioprocessing. ...

Description: One of the key factors typically considered when selecting a measurement device, such as a mass flow controller (MFC), is accuracy. Anyone who has researched Mass Flow Controller accuracy likely knows ...

Description: MTBF is largely based on assumptions and the definition of failure and attention to these details is important for proper interpretation. ...

Description: How do you operate new gas flow meters at an oil field without utility power service in the remote southern Bakken formation region of North Dakota? That was the challenge facing Legacy Reserves LP at ...

Description: The Rahway Valley Sewerage Authority (RVSA), which operates a large wastewater treatment plant in New Jersey, embarked on a green co-generation waste-to-energy project to power a portion of its ...

Description: The challenge: a high multiplicity of different fuel supply systems for diesel engines on the market. ...

Description: Bronkhorst® Coriolis instruments have been successfully used for many years by Oil & Gas research and development centres, whether directly within their own R&D facility or indirectly through ...

Description: Bronkhorst® has become firmly established as the market leader in low flow gas & liquid measurement and control by selecting the correct technology and methodology from their broad product ...

Description: Bronkhorst has become firmly established as the market leader in low flow gas & liquid measurement and control by selecting the correct technology and methodology from their broad product repertoire ...

Description: Many reactions and extractions in chemical compression reactions work by adding organic solvents. The use of supercritical fluids, such as CO2, is increasingly becoming a greener and more efficient ...

Description: Bronkhorst has been working with a manufacturer of contact lenses to improve the dosing of cleaning solution within their manufacturing process. The customer, a leading supplier of daily contact ...

Description: Bronkhorst High-Tech develops and manufactures flow meters and controllers and is always looking to improve the level of quality it provides through collaboration with its suppliers. In this regard, ...

Description: In the pharmaceutical industry, the use of dry vapour hydrogen peroxide (DVHP) plays an important role in the sterilisation of surfaces. Hydrogen peroxide can be used to sterilise large surfaces as ...

Description: Within the last decade the usage of natural ingredients is coming more and more into the consumer's focus. Therefore food and beverage producers worldwide have to react to fulfill the market needs. ...

Description: The main priority of DuPont de Nemours is to make sure that work is carried out safely but it is also committed to protecting the environment. It is making every effort to do that and in the process, ...

Description: Mini Coriolis meter as a compact controller In process engineering, measurement and control always belong together. In spite of this, the two tasks are usually considered and instrumented separately. ...

Description: Bronkhorst has successfully supplied gas, liquid, and vapour flow/pressure measurement and control instrumentation to numerous industries over 34 years. ...

Description: Thermal dispersion mass flowmeters comprise a family of instruments for the measurement of the total mass flow rate of a fluid, primarily gases, flowing through closed conduits. ...

Description: This paper describes an advanced microprocessor-based thermal dispersion mass flow meter that uses four temperature sensing elements in its flow sensor instead of the traditional two elements and has ...

Description: Part 1 of this two-part series describes the principle of operation of a new microprocessor-based thermal dispersion mass flow meter that uses four temperature sensing elements in its flow sensor and ...

Description: As the drive towards energy independence in the United States continues at full speed, oil and gas companies are turning to hydraulic fracturing to increase production. Increasingly stringent state ...

Description: This paper describes a newly developed microprocessor-based thermal dispersion mass flow meter that uses four temperature sensing elements in its flow sensor instead of the traditional two elements ...

Description: The flow of natural gas in pipelines is often complicated by changes in the composition of the gas. The method described in this paper solves the problem of variable composition via a new ...

Description: As oil prices remain high, we are in the midst of a nation-wide initiative to seek renewable sources of energy to increase energy efficiency and energy security. Renewable energy accounted for 13.2% ...

Description: Unlike oil, natural gas exists in abundance in the United States. Of the natural gas consumed in the United States in 2011, 95% was produced domestically. The U.S. Energy Information Administration ...

Description: There are a multitude of applications that require the measurement of the volume of water. Water filters must measure the amount of water passing through them in order to know when to change the ...

Description: The water municipality at a mid-size city in the Western region of the U.S. serving a population of about 180,000 people needed to address a chlorine disinfection system problem at one of its water ...

Description: Natural gas consumption is far from being constant over the months. Typically Natural Gas (NG) is stored in summer periods, when there is lower demand for it, and is withdrawn in the winter periods, ...

Description: A major international mining operator extracting precious metals wanted to optimize its froth flotation cell's performance at one of its mines. The flotation cell was experiencing production ...

Description: An independent Midwest refiner recently approved a project to improve the safety of its plant and reduce its costs for nitrogen gas used for tank blanketing. The company operates refineries in ...

Description: Water shortages and drought are becoming more common and longer-lasting throughout the world in places as far apart as California and China. Desalination is being hailed as one of the most effective ...

Description: ABB instrumentation was an obvious choice when the Swedish pulp producer Vallviks Bruk AB built a new plant for biological water treatment. Vallviks Bruk AB, located about 200 km (125 miles) north of ...

Description: Sinochem Sinopec Shanghai Orient Petrochemical Terminal Co., Ltd. (former Shanghai Orient Tank Co., Ltd.) was established in 1989, and is now located in Pudong District of Shanghai. It is a ...

Description: With the recent growth in demand and production of liquefied natural gas (LNG), there has been an increase in trade and the need to transport it globally via LNG tanker ships. This increase in LNG ...

Description: As the costs of fuels and consumables (natural gas, hydrogen, oxygen, etc.) continue to rise, the ability to accurately measure the amount used in a process becomes significant in controlling costs ...

Description: To ensure quality production of petroleum-based products in oil refineries, including gasoline, diesel, kerosene, heating oil, and byproducts for plastics and a variety of lubricants, operators must ...

Description: As of 2010 most of the world's industrialized nations have recognized the climate change issues resulting from global warming that were presented in the 1997 Kyoto Protocol. Since that time, the ...

Description: Klargastechnik Deutschland GmbH is a leading bioengineering, designer, manufacturer and installer of biogas and digester gas processing equipment and systems that is headquartered in Germany. ...

Description: Loading and unloading of tankers at tanker terminals, refineries, and chemical plants releases large flows of hydrocarbon gas vapour that must be captured to protect the environment. ...

Description: If you need to increase your plant's productivity and reduce its operational costs, focusing on flow measurement can result in significant monetary savings, potential product quality improvements and ...

Description: Upgrading a plant's gas flow meters can improve process efficiency, reduce energy costs and save on maintenance expenses in both equipment and labor, as well as improve reporting accuracy to local ...

Description: One of the biggest expenses in wastewater treatment operations is the cost of energy to run the blowers and compressors that produce air for the aeration basins. The figures most often cited are that ...

Description: Protect valuable laboratory research from flood damage or destruction due to backflow preventer discharge. ...