Electrical and Electronics Reference Materials
Reference Articles 3001 - 3100 of 3258
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Reed Sensors vs. Hall Effect Sensors (.pdf)
Description: Since their introduction several years ago, the Hall effect sensor has captured the imagination of design engineers. Generally, it was thought that if it's in solid state that it's a more reliable ...
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Socket-Adapter Systems: A Practical Test Alternative (.pdf)
Description: Traditional one-piece, clam¬shell-design test sockets are useful diagnostic tools for establishing or evaluating device functionality. However, they tend to be less satisfactory for validating ...
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Techncial Paper: Reed Switch Test Coils (.pdf)
Description: All of our Reed Switches are 100 % tested in our Standard Test Coils and measured in ampere-turns (AT). Simply stated, we have coils wound in a specific coil form, with a given number of turns. We ...
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Technical Information for Handling Permanent Magnets (.pdf)
Description: This document contains precautions for handling and packaging Permanent Magnets. ...
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Technical Information for Handling Reed Relays (.pdf)
Description: Precautions for handling and packaging Reed Relays. ...
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Technical Information for Handling Reed Switches (.pdf)
Description: This document contains precautions for handling and packaging Reed Switches. ...
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Technical Paper: Basic Electrical Parameters of Reed Switch Products (.pdf)
Description: This article offers a description of some of the basic Reed Switch electrical parameters and key terms. ...
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Technical Paper: Handling and Load Precautions when using Reed Switches in various Sensor and Relay Applications (.pdf)
Description: Many users of Reed Switches for sensor and reed relay applications try to make the sensors and or relays themselves internally. Often however, they do not observe some basic precautions and preventive ...
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Technical Paper: How Reed Switches are used with a Permanent Magnet (.pdf)
Description: Using Reed Switches in a sensing environment, one generally uses a magnet for actuation. It is important to understand this interaction clearly for proper sensor functioning. Sensors may operate in a ...
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Technical Paper: Life Requirements of a Reed Switch (.pdf)
Description: The life of a Reed Switch can vary widely depending on the exact switching circumstances. Over the years, many improvements have been made to the Reed Switch, which have played a major role in ...
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Technical Paper: Load Switching and Contact Protection (.pdf)
Description: The Reed Switch contact rating is dependent on the switch size, gap size or ampere turn rating, contact material and atmosphere within the glass capsule. To receive the maximum life for a given load ...
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Technical Paper: Magnetization (.pdf)
Description: This document contains a table showing magnetization for various applications and arrangements. ...
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Technical Paper: Magnets and their Specifications (.pdf)
Description: Magnets are available in multiple specifications on the market. Almost all dimensions and geometries can be realised. To activate the reed switch a magnet (magnet field) is needed. The different ...
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Technical Paper: Reed Switch and Reed Sensor Applications (.pdf)
Description: Reading the previous sections on the Reed Switch basics, key parameters, and operational characteristics before delving into this section will give one a better background and more insight into ...
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Technical Paper: Reed Switch in Comparison with Mechanical Switch (.pdf)
Description: A comparison chart by specification. ...
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Technical Paper: Reed Switch Operational Characteristics (.pdf)
Description: The Reed Switch was first invented by Bell Labs in the late 1930s. However, it was not until the 1940s when it began to find application widely as a sensor and a Reed Relay. Here it was used in an ...
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The Reed Switch used as a Reed Relay (.pdf)
Description: In a Reed Relay, the Reed Switch uses an electromagnetic coil for activation and is shown in its simplest form in Figure # 1. Reed Relays require relatively little power to operate and are generally ...
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Heat-Shrink Tubing: The Versatile Tools for Maintenance and Repair (.pdf)
From: Alpha WireDescription: Think of heat-shrink tubing as the duct tape for electrical wiring on the factory floor. Heat-shrink tubing is versatile, easy to use, and finds wide applicability in maintenance and repair. ...
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Understanding Shielded Cable
From: Alpha WireDescription: Industrial applications such as the factory floor are typically electrically noisy environments. Electrical noise, either radiated or conducted as electromagnetic interference (EMI), can seriously ...
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Compact Filtering for High Current & High Frequency Applications (.pdf)
From: NexTek, LLCDescription: In today's world of increasing electrical noise, higher speed logic, and more sensitive circuits the need for high frequency noise filtering is especially critical. Noise can enter a circuit through ...
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Optimized Lightning Protection for Higher Frequencies (.pdf)
From: NexTek, LLCDescription: FREQUENCIES ABOVE 4.5 GHZ are being used more often for a wide range of outdoor communications. These uses include critical infrastructure applications where long lifetime and high availability ...
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Selecting Coaxial Lightning Protectors (.pdf)
From: NexTek, LLCDescription: Coaxial cables are often used for high-frequency signal transmission in applications where there is a risk of lightning energy and damage. This article touches on the most important parameters for the ...
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Using Commercial Lightning Protectors in Defense Applications (.pdf)
From: NexTek, LLCDescription: Commercial lightning protectors can protect wireless communications systems for defense and homeland security systems against damaging lightning energy. ...
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Active State Power Management (.pdf)
From: Teledyne LeCroyDescription: With the increasing cost of energy and awareness of environmental considerations, power saving is becoming more and more critical. Power saving has always been critical for mobile devices, but now ...
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A 4-20 mA Signal Goes The Distance
Description: A 4-20 mA control signal is one of the signals of choice in the Building Automation industry as well as in the Industrial Process arena. Most of the various transmitters and output devices available ...
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Control Voltage Transformer Selection Guide (.pdf)
Description: To make the proper transformer selection, the load must be completely analyzed. Every electrically energized component in the control circuit must be considered. Electromagnetic control devices have ...
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CT Safety: How to Avoid the Serious Dangers of Improperly Installing CTs
Description: Customers often ask why we don't recommend installing our CTs on uninsulated conductors when the insulation rating of the CT is 600 volts. This question most often arises when dealing with large ...
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Current to Voltage Conversion for BAS Systems
Description: One of the differences that exists among the various BAS systems that are available today is the type of signals that are acceptable as analog inputs. For example, when it comes to DC voltage and ...
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Current Transformers
Description: Current transformers (CT's) provide a simple, inexpensive and yet accurate means of sensing current flow in power conductors. They are available in 3 basic configurations: Split Core CT's are ...
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Determining Burden For Current Transformers
Description: If a Current Transformer (CT) reads low, then the secondary is probably overloaded. Burden is the load which may be imposed on a transformer secondary by cables and connected devices without causing ...
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Monitoring Higher Voltages
Description: Some building electrical systems just will not cooperate when it comes time to monitor power. You search and search and cannot find a point to monitor power on the low voltage side of the transformer ...
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Power Factor
Description: Power Factor (pf) is the ratio of real power to total power. Real, or productive power, is the actual power used in a building, measured in kilowatts (kW). Reactive power generates the magnetic field ...
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Powering Multiple Devices from a Common Transformer
Description: After properly sizing a control transformer for your application, there is an additional step in the selection process that should be considered. Even though the necessary steps have been taken to ...
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The Terms "Neutral" and "Ground" Seem to be Used Interchangeably. Do They Mean the Same?
Description: A neutral is a connection to an electrical system. In a three-phase WYE configuration, one end of each of the three generator or transformer windings is connected to a common point. This common point ...
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Using Current Monitoring for Load Analysis
Description: Monitoring electrical current flow is an excellent method of gauging the performance of motor-driven devices (such as fans, pumps, and chillers) controlled by a building automation system (BAS). ...
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Outlet and Plug Types (.pdf)
From: Tripp Lite by EatonDescription: This document shares the different types of plugs and outlet types available. These include IEC Connectors, NEMA Outlets, and NEMA plugs. ...
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Technical Reference: Common Connectivity Terms
From: L-com, Inc.Description: There are so many terms to know that even long-term veterans get confused. L-com will help keep you up to date in Signal Electronics, Connectivity, Cabling compiled in our glossary below. New terms ...
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Video: Solid vs. Stranded Center Conductors
From: L-com, Inc.Description: In coaxial cable there is a trade off in center connector construction.... ...
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Video: What is the Difference in Flammability Ratings?
From: L-com, Inc.Description: This video shows the comparison between flammability ratings NEC National Electrical Code articles and the corresponding UL Underwriters Laboratories test methods... ...
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Inexpensive Scalar Measurement of a Band Pass Filter or Other Passive Device or Component (.pdf)
From: KRYTAR, Inc.Description: Set the leveled output power from the sweep signal generator to its maximum (usually between +12 to +20 dBm). Maximum dynamic range for the Krytar Power Meter is -39 to +20 dBm. Note that if +20 dBm ...
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Clean Energy
Description: Clean Energy Presenting a broad survey of the energy problems facing society over the coming decades and the prospects for their solution, this book emphasizes the importance of developing a strategy ...
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Cogeneration Design Guide
Description: Cogeneration Design Guide Including two case studies to help illustrate the entire design process, this guide offers a thorough discussion of the theoretical as well as the practical aspects of a ...
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Aircraft Engines and Gas Turbines, Second Edition
Description: Aircraft Engines and Gas Turbines, Second Edition Unique in treating the engine as a complete system at increasing levels of sophistication, this text covers all modern aircraft engines, including ...
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American Electricians' Handbook, Fourteenth Edition
Description: American Electricians' Handbook, Fourteenth Edition Filled with practical advice and facts, this definitive resource provides essential information on designing, installing, operating, and ...
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Automotive Electronics Handbook, Second Edition
Description: Automotive Electronics Handbook, Second Edition Use this guide to become an instant expert on today's leading edge auto electronic technologies--stability control, object detection, collision ...
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Burn-In Testing: Its Quantification and Optimization
Description: Burn-In Testing: Its Quantification and Optimization Ideal for practicing engineers in the fields of reliability, life testing, and product assurance, this text emphasizes mathematical and ...
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Advanced Model Order Reduction Techniques in VLSI Design
Description: Advanced Model Order Reduction Techniques in VLSI Design Presenting a systematic introduction to, and treatment of, the key MOR methods employed in general linear circuits, this book uses real-world ...
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Fuel Cell Technology Primer (.pdf)
Description: This application note will describe the various fuel cell technologies and highlight the role that Thermo analyzers can play in their development. ...
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Cost vs. Exciting Power of 50/60HZ Transformers (.doc)
From: Agile MagneticsDescription: Regional Manufacturing Specialists Inc. understands that rising energy costs coupled with new technologies are driving demand for increased efficiencies from transformers. Achieving these efficiencies ...
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Power Quality in Power Systems and Electrical Machines
Description: Power Quality in Power Systems and Electrical Machines Including SPICE, Mathematica, and MATLAB application examples, as well as problems and solutions dealing with practical applications, this book ...
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Power Sources and Supplies
Description: Power Sources and Supplies Authored by Marty Brown, a leader in the field of power design, this timeless book gives special attention to switching power supplies and their design issues, including ...
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Power Systems Electromagnetic Transients Simulation
Description: Power Systems Electromagnetic Transients Simulation Packed with examples to clarify difficult concepts, this text describes the application of efficient computational techniques to the solution of ...
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Vehicle Propulsion Systems: Introduction to Modeling and Optimization
Description: Vehicle Propulsion Systems: Introduction to Modeling and Optimization Analyzing the longitudinal behavior of road vehicles, this text gives an introduction to the modeling and optimization problems ...
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Wood Pole Overhead Lines
Description: Wood Pole Overhead Lines Concentrating on the mechanical aspects of distribution wood pole lines, this informative text includes coverage of live line working, environmental influences, climate ...
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Advanced Design Problems in Aerospace Engineering, Volume 1: Advanced Aerospace Systems
Description: Advanced Design Problems in Aerospace Engineering, Volume 1: Advanced Aerospace Systems Of interest to engineers and scientists working in aerospace engineering and related topics, this reference ...
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Enterprise Sales and Operations Planning: Synchronizing Demand, Supply and Resources for Peak Performance
Description: Enterprise Sales and Operations Planning: Synchronizing Demand, Supply and Resources for Peak Performance This definitive text illustrates effective real world implementation of the S&OP process and ...
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Explosively Driven Pulsed Power: Helical Magnetic Flux Compression Generators
Description: Explosively Driven Pulsed Power: Helical Magnetic Flux Compression Generators With an emphasis on research into small generators, this book explains in detail the physical fundamentals, construction ...
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Fuel Cell Technology: Reaching Towards Commercialization
Description: Fuel Cell Technology: Reaching Towards Commercialization Presenting a one-volume survey of the state-of-the art research in fuel cells, this thorough text provides in-depth coverage of the two types ...
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Global Airlines: Competition in a Transnational Industry, Second Edition
Description: Global Airlines: Competition in a Transnational Industry, Second Edition By surveying airline companies around the world and the services they operate, this concise text presents an overview of the ...
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Key Considerations for Current Tranformers
From: Precision IncorporatedDescription: CT's provide an isolated, accurate measurement of the current in the primary. Usually CT's have a one turn primary - a conductor that is part of the circuit being measured. CT's have very little ...
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Key Considerations for Medical Device Design
From: Precision IncorporatedDescription: Opportunties for the development of Medical Magnetics and device evolution will require continual demanding physical characteristics and size, as well as more performance through design and design ...
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The Circuit Designer's Companion, Second Edition
Description: The Circuit Designer's Companion, Second Edition Providing a unique masterclass in practical electronic design, this book focuses on the art of designing circuits so that every production model will ...
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The Electric Car: Development and Future of Battery, Hybrid and Fuel-Cell Cars
Description: The Electric Car: Development and Future of Battery, Hybrid and Fuel-Cell Cars This book covers the development of electric cars and the very latest technological issues faced by automotive engineers ...
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The Lightning Flash
Description: The Lightning Flash For anyone designing, installing, or commissioning equipment which needs to be secured against lightning strikes, this text provides a thorough background in almost every aspect ...
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A Handbook For EMC Testing and Measurement
Description: A Handbook For EMC Testing and Measurement Aimed at engineers and technical managers concerned with electromagnetic compatibility (EMC), this text explains why EMC testing is necessary, what ...
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High Voltage Engineering and Testing, 2nd Edition
Description: High Voltage Engineering and Testing, 2nd Edition Based on the latest of this successful series of IEE Vacation Schools, this essential text addresses changes in practices and procedures in the ...
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Flexible AC Transmission Systems: Modelling and Control
Description: Flexible AC Transmission Systems: Modelling and Control Presenting the modelling of the latest FACTS controllers for power flow control, compensation and power quality in power system analysis, this ...
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International Financial Reporting Standards in Depth, Volume 2: Solutions
Description: International Financial Reporting Standards in Depth, Volume 2: Solutions By introducing the standard setting process, as well as looking at the development of IASB, this practical book examines the ...
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Electronically-Controlled Hydrostatic Fan Drive Systems (.pdf)
From: HydraForce, Inc.Description: This Application Bulletin discusses the benefits Electronically-Controlled Hydrostatic Fan Drive Systems. ...
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Local Energy: Distributed Generation of Heat and Power
Description: Local Energy: Distributed Generation of Heat and Power In the future the UK's energy supplies, for both heat and power, will come from much more diverse sources. This book explores various power and ...
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Digital Power Electronics and Applications
Description: Digital Power Electronics and Applications Applying digital control theory to power electronics in a different manner than the traditional analog control scheme, this text provides methods of ...
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Distribution Switchgear
Description: Distribution Switchgear Covering general principles of the Switchgear function, this invaluable reference discusses topics such as interruption techniques, fault level calculations, switching ...
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Embedded Generation
Description: Embedded Generation Intended for practicing engineers responsible for planning, designing or specifying embedded generation solutions, this course-derived guide covers all aspects of embedded ...
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EMC for Product Designers, Fourth Edition
Description: EMC for Product Designers, Fourth Edition Showing how to incorporate EMC principles into the product design process, this book will help you avoid cost and performance penalties, and meet the needs ...
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Gas Turbine Engineering Handbook, Third Edition
Description: Gas Turbine Engineering Handbook, Third Edition Including new case histories, the latest techniques, and new designs to comply with recently passed legislation, this comprehensive text provides ...
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Gas Turbines: A Handbook of Air, Land and Sea Applications
Description: Gas Turbines: A Handbook of Air, Land and Sea Applications Offering engineers hard-to-find manufacturer's data with extensive interpretation and explanation, this book presents a "big picture" view ...
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Overvoltage Protection of Low-Voltage Systems, 2nd Edition
Description: Overvoltage Protection of Low-Voltage Systems, 2nd Edition Valuable for anyone designing, installing or commissioning equipment that needs to be secured against lightning strikes, this practical book ...
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PEM Fuel Cells: Theory and Practice
Description: PEM Fuel Cells: Theory and Practice Containing hundreds of original illustrations and real-life engineering examples, this book covers the fundamental aspects of fuel cell design, electrochemistry of ...
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Power Electronics Design: A Practitioner's Guide
Description: Power Electronics Design: A Practitioner's Guide With more than 200 illustrations to clarify discussion points, this guide covers the application of high-power semiconductor technology to large motor ...
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Practical Power System Protection
Description: Practical Power System Protection Providing both the underpinning knowledge and basic calculations needed to understand, specify, use and maintain power protection systems, this book also covers the ...
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Propulsion Systems for Hybrid Vehicles
Description: Propulsion Systems for Hybrid Vehicles This is the first book to give comprehensive coverage of all aspects of the hybrid vehicle design, from its power plant and energy storage systems, to ...
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Protection of Electricity Distribution Networks, 2nd Edition
Description: Protection of Electricity Distribution Networks, 2nd Edition It is essential to provide suitable protection schemes for distribution networks to ensure that faults are quickly remedied. This ...
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Short-Circuit Currents
Description: Short-Circuit Currents Containing detailed calculation procedures and typical data of equipment, this essential reference provides an overview of the components within power systems with respect to ...
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Test and Diagnosis of Analogue, Mixed-Signal and RF Integrated Circuits: The System on Chip Approach
Description: Test and Diagnosis of Analogue, Mixed-Signal and RF Integrated Circuits: The System on Chip Approach Providing a comprehensive discussion of automatic testing, diagnosis and tuning of analogue, ...
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Thermal Power Plant Simulation and Control
Description: Thermal Power Plant Simulation and Control Through a number of case studies, this pragmatic text demonstrates how advances in computing technology and current areas of research can be combined to ...
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Transmission and Distribution Electrical Engineering, Third Edition
Description: Transmission and Distribution Electrical Engineering, Third Edition Aimed squarely at the engineers and planners involved in all aspects of getting electricity from the power plant to the user via ...
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Wind Power Integration: Connection and System Operational Aspects
Description: Wind Power Integration: Connection and System Operational Aspects Guiding readers through a number of the most recent solutions based on current research, this text examines the main problems of wind ...
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Advanced Automotive Fault Diagnosis, Second Edition
Description: Advanced Automotive Fault Diagnosis, Second Edition Complete with useful diagrams, flow charts, case studies and self-assessment questions, this book includes basic principles and examples of a ...
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Advanced Electrical Installation Work, Fourth Edition
Description: Advanced Electrical Installation Work, Fourth Edition With a concise and practical approach, this guide presents a complete resource for the 2330 Certificate, covering the core unit of the scheme, ...
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Advances in High Voltage Engineering
Description: Advances in High Voltage Engineering The area of high voltage research and development is full of challenge and scope, and this informative book focuses on developments in experimental methods, ...
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Aircraft Engine Design, Second Edition
Description: Aircraft Engine Design, Second Edition With more than 100 years of experience in propulsion systems, the authors of this state-of-the-art text respond to dynamic aircraft requirements and provide the ...
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Complete PCB Design Using OrCad Capture and Layout
Description: Complete PCB Design Using OrCad Capture and Layout Providing instruction on how to use OrCAD to design and manufacture printed circuit boards, this book offers a quick tutorial on how to use the ...
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Thermal Runaway in Flooded Lead Clcium Batteries (.pdf)
From: AlbérDescription: In its most basic definition, thermal runaway is the internal generation of heat at a higher rate than a battery can dissipate. This heat can result in temperatures so high that the battery will be ...
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Typical Applications for Regenerative Blowers
From: Atlantic BlowersDescription: Atlantic Blowers manufactures and designs an assortment of regenerative blowers for various applications like industrial, environmental, instrumentation, and chemical processing applications. Oil-free ...
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High Frequency - High Voltage Transformers (.doc)
From: PowerVolt, Inc.Description: The need for high frequency (HF) combined with high voltage (HV) in transformers is becoming more popular. The well known advantage of operating at high frequency is that it allows the transformer to ...
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Ohmic Measurements: The History and the Facts (.pdf)
From: AlbérDescription: Internal battery ohmic measurements are a hot topic among battery users. Measuring the internal parameters of a cell is very useful in determining a battery's state of health. But what is the ...
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Controlling DC Brush Motor with H-Bridge Driver ICs (.pdf)
Description: DC brush motors are increasingly required for a broad range of applications including robotics, portable electronics, sporting equipment, appliances, medical devices, automotive applications, power ...
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Power Management Techniques and Calculation
From: Silicon LabsDescription: This application note discusses power management techniques and methods of calculating power in a Silicon Labs C8051F00x and C8051F01x SoC. Many applications will have strict power requirements, and ...
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Design A Load Sharing System Power Path Management with Microchip's Stand-Alone Li-Ion Battery Charger
Description: Batteries often serve as the main energy source for portable electronic devices. Although they depend on batteries, portable consumer electronic products, such as GPS and multi-media players, often ...
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Intelligent Fan Control
Description: This application note describes the creation of an intelligent 4-wire fan. ...