Analog and Mixed Signals Reference Materials

Description: In a vacuum, light travels 299,792,458 meters per second, which translates to over 670 thousand miles per hour. Light is so fast that it’s difficult to comprehend what that even means. ...

Description: Typically, a transimpedance amplifier (TIA) is a type of amplifier that converts input current into output voltage. These are used with sensors ... ...

Description: Are you searching to know what defines a system as linear or nonlinear? I've got you covered! In this comprehensive guide, we will explore the fundamentals, applications, and differences between ...

Description: Operational amplifiers (op-amps) are important in electronics, playing a key role in circuits and applications. The MCP6002 is one such op amp that stands out for its versatility, high performance and ...

Description: Operational amplifiers are still an integral component of most electronic systems. Given the ubiquitous nature of the op amp, let us take a step back and review the elements of an operational ...

Description: RF solutions provider Qorvo has unveiled a family of high efficiency power amplifiers (PAs) designed for 5G small cell infrastructure applications. These new PAs are designed to help small cell base ...

Description: Failure rate calculations for the SCM5B modules are derived from the MIL-HDBK-217E specification. The stress-analysis method is used at ground benign environment, 35°C temperature, and quality ...

Description: The NEC, National Electrical Code (Ref. 4) requires the installation of grounds for safety and does not allow load currents in ground lines. Unfortunately, unwanted ground currents (Ig) often exist ...

Description: Modern integrated circuit (IC) operational amplifiers (Op Amps) have made quality instrumentation signal conditioning economically practical. Although accurate and stable Op Amp ICs are available for ...

Description: Explanation and details of how a micropulse works in a transducer ...

Description: Noise sources have long served as practical test tools for evaluating different aspects of communications systems. In fact, additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) sources helped establish many early ...

Description: How do I make use of the Shunt Calibration feature for the model 126? ...

Description: How can I translate the Error Code identified with a particular fault with my model 133 conditioner? Is there a definition of the particular error codes, since it is unclear what the error codes mean? ...

Description: Today's technology enables the integration of the logging circuit and additional support functions, such as voltage references, noise control, low offset control, large bandwidth and uncommitted ...

Description: With more 500 conventional sensors monitoring the condition and performance of various subsystems on a medium sized spacecraft, there is a growing need for precision radiation tolerant instrumentation ...

Description: When a satellite is launched into space, it's accompanied with a multitude of sensors that read out various telemetry signals and statuses for mission critical systems. Digital microprocessors ...

Description: By their very nature, in amps are a good choice to condition small signals in the presence of large common-mode voltages and DC potentials. The three op amp instrumentation amplifier architecture ...

Description: This is an introduction to ultrasonic flow sensing and describes a demonstration setup to measure velocity of flow in a pipe using an ultrasonic water flow-meter sensor, the TDC1000 ultrasonic ...

Description: This application report describes PHYTER™ design and layout guidelines and with this report, in conjunction with the product datasheets, and reference designs, will help ensure issue-free system ...

Description: When selecting a component in the signal path of a satellite system, it is often difficult to find a device with the radiation tolerance and the accuracy required. The main causes of error to the ...

Description: Is your motor spinning at the intended rate? Closed-loop motor control systems continue to answer this question, as there tends to be a closed-loop system implemented wherever a motor spins. Whether ...

Description: Compensating a DC-DC buck converter is challenging if a designer is not familiar with the loop control theory. To achieve a stable design under all corner and adverse conditions, the user must ...

Description: The input structure circuit of a successive-approximation register analog-to-digital converter (SAR ADC) in combination with the driving circuit forms a transfer function that can be used to determine ...

Description: This paper analyzes a simple method for calculating minimum acquisition times for successive-approximation register analog-to-digital converters (SAR ADCs). The input structure of the ADC is examined ...

Description: Designers of low-distortion analog circuits in industrial data acquisition, seismic measurement, and high-fidelity audio are aware that many operational amplifiers (op amps) produce greater distortion ...

Description: This application report provides an overview of electrostatic-discharge (ESD) test models, failure modes, protection strategies, and Texas Instruments (TI) procedures to guard against ESD failures. ...

Description: This article presents the basic operating principle of an isolated buck converter. The operating current and voltage waveforms are explained and design equations are derived. The design example shows ...

Description: This white paper examines the system implications around the JESD204B data converter interface standard. Learn which parameters will influence your analog-to-digital (ADC) or digital-to-analog (DAC) ...

Description: This paper explores the noise issues that are inherent in the design of programmable gain amplifiers (PGAs) when multiplying digital-to-analog converters (MDACs) are used as the programmable gain ...

Description: With careful analysis, a designer can get good performance from what may, at first, look like incompatible components in a motor control system. One might assume that for a ±5V output signal from the ...

Description: Examples are given to illustrate the technical advantages for a power operational amplifier whose output voltage can closely approach the power supply voltages both for dual and single supply ...

Description: Standard company design rules for printed circuit boards may not meet the requirements for high voltage amplifiers manufactured by Power Amp Design. The article proposes PCB geometries consistent with ...

Description: The article targets several high priority goals in the layout of motherboards to support power operational amplifier application circuits. PCB designers who follow the suggestions are assured that ...

Description: The article provides a step by step guide for beginners using the PAD Power spread sheet, based on Excel, for analyzing power amplifier application circuits for reliability in terms of output ...

Description: The article outlines the problems and solutions for operating power op amps with a single high power supply voltage. Several application circuits are proposed that may help the user reduce system ...

Description: The article covers the electrical noise considerations for connecting the cooling fan of Power Amp Design power op amps to the signal circuits. ...

Description: A brief discussion of the meaning of power ratings as they relate to power operational amplifiers. ...

Description: The meaning of the performance specifications for power op amps is discussed with tips and insights. ...

Description: How to use two or more evaluation kits to connect power op amps for parallel operation. ...

Description: The article details a force and sense application for power op amps using a familiar differential amplifier application for IC small signal circuits. Some familiarity with op amp circuits is assumed. ...

Description: Power Amp Design's evaluation kits are normally configured to build voltage control application circuits, but it is also possible to build a current mode (transconductance) circuit as detailed in ...

Description: Some sensor-signal conditioners are used to process the output of multiple sense elements. This processing is often provided by multimodal, mixed-signal conditioners that can handle the outputs ...

Description: To ensure a reliable operation of a crystal oscillator circuit, the oscillation safety factor (OSF) is worth to take a closer look at. The oscillation safety factor (OSF) shows the feedback gain ...

Description: Industrial environments are particularly challenging for data communications network designs for a variety of reasons. Typically rife with electromagnetic interference (EMI), unless every precaution ...

Description: Floating-point processing utilizes a format defined in IEEE 754, and is supported by microprocessor architectures. However, the IEEE 754 format is inefficient to implement in hardware, and ...

Description: Modern trends are driving the need for lower supply voltages across many system-level designs. As most processor voltage levels continue to decrease in the interest of achieving the lowest possible ...

Description: Modern trends are driving the need for lower supply voltages across many system-level designs. As most processor voltage levels continue to decrease in the interest of achieving the lowest possible ...

Description: An increasing number of applications that involve time measurement are requiring a Real-Time Clock device. The MCP79410 is a feature-rich RTCC that incorporates EEPROM, SRAM, unique ID and time-stamp. ...

Description: Beyond the primitive transistor, the operational amplifier (op amp) is the most basic building block for analog applications. Fundamental functions such as gain, load isolation, signal inversion, ...

Description: The required bandwidth for data access from off-chip components can be a bottleneck in the system performance for microcontroller (MCU) video applications. This restriction translates into limiting ...

Description: High common-mode noise is a significant problem that automotive system designers must overcome when designing a practical and reliable powertrain drive system. Common-mode noise (also known as dV/dt ...

Description: The Texas Instruments (TI) High Reliability (HiRel) Guide features the five segments that are capable of increasing system-level reliability in applications subjected to unusually demanding and harsh ...

Description: TI's Standard Linear guide showcases a wide range of standard analog products with features such as small packaging, performance and cost-savings, all designed to satisfy an extensive range of ...

Description: In this article, we will show how to adapt the circuits presented in Part 1 to a high-voltage, single-ended (SE) bipolar input. ...

Description: The introduction of electric and hybrid electric vehicles have added high voltage electric modules into the car. The battery stack in a hybrid can be in excess of 150V, higher for the inverter driving ...

Description: This application note covers the essential background information and design theory needed to design low noise, precision op amp circuits. The focus is on simple, results oriented methods and ...

Description: This application note describes a method to automatically detect the memory size of a serial EEPROM connected to an I 2 C bus. The topics include: Automatic detection of memory size on the I 2 C bus ...

Description: Analog filters can be found in almost every electronic circuit. Audio systems use them for preamplification, equalization, and tone control. In communication systems, filters are used for tuning in ...

Description: A Microchip Technology analog-to-digital converter, a 2K-byte CMOS static RAM, and some gates and counters can be combined to form a low-cost, flexible, standalone data logging system. All the ICs are ...

Description: For reliable operation the optoisolator should be biased to saturation, so: IOPTO = + = 2k The introduction of single-voltage EPROMS and dynamic RAMs has permitted designers to produce complete ...

Description: Portability is and will continue to be one of the key features driving the design and development of new electronic equipment. Existing products such as palmtop computers, cellular phones and data ...

Description: Selecting the most suitable A/D Converter (ADC) for your application is based on more than just the precision or bits. Different architectures are available, each exhibiting advantages and ...

Description: System error budgets should be developed and analyzed as an integral part of system designs. System engineers must determine the necessary levels of accuracy for system elements such as field sensors, ...

Description: Bridge circuits have been in use for well over 150 years. To date, the bridge is still the most economical circuit technique for accurately measuring resistance. The original bridge circuit topology ...

Description: The "power factor" of AC systems or components is the cosine of the angle by which the AC current leads or lags the applied AC excitation voltage. The physics of inductance and capacitance behavior ...

Description: Signal conditioning modules, SCMs, used for measuring process control variables such as temperature, pressure, strain, position, speed, level, etc. are always subject to externally induced noise ...

Description: As a prerequisite to this Application Note, the reader is encouraged to examine Dataforth's Application Note AN112, Reference 2, which describes the amplitude characteristics and reviews the ...

Description: Information that varies continuously as a function of time is analog information. Computers are digital devices and, therefore, must convert analog information to a digital format in order to work ...

Description: Isolating power sources and sensor signals is the most effective method for eliminating undesirable ground loop currents and induced electrical noise. Dataforth Signal Conditioning Modules (SCMs) use ...

Description: Application Note ...

Description: For LDM485 or other RS-485 device at the extreme ends of the line: The need for termination depends on data rate, line length, cable electrical characteristics and environment, and if applicable, the ...

Description: When the SCM5B37 thermocouple modules are used to measure temperature, the measured output voltage must often be converted back to temperature. This is readily done with the SCM5B37 series because ...

Description: Use of the ground jumper arrangement on the SCMPB01 and SCMPB02 backpanels depends on the particular host analog-to-digital converter (ADC) system connected to the backpanels and SCM5B modules. This ...

Description: Read the drift specifications under the "Stability" heading on the appropriate spec sheet. Determine the overall gain of the module by dividing the output range by the input range. 1. Calculating ...

Description: Many sensors used in industry exhibit a deviation from an ideal (linear) relationship between input and output. For example, a given change in temperature does not give rise to the same change in emf ...

Description: Industrial equipment located in the "field" is exposed to electrical noise, power surges, and transient events such as static discharge or lightning strikes. One of the functions of the Dataforth line ...

Description: Cable shielding is used primarily to minimize or eliminate capacitively coupled interference from electric fields. When properly implemented, it can also be used to minimize inductive coupling from ...

Description: In today's dynamic industrial environments, electronic devices, signal and power wiring, and other electrical plant/process equipment often interact to create "noise" or electromagnetic interference ...

Description: Linear variable displacement transducers (LVDTs) provide a method of measuring displacements with very high accuracy and infinite resolution. These type of transducers utilize a precision linear ...

Description: When SCM7B37 thermocouple modules are used to measure temperature, the measured output voltage must often be converted back to temperature. This is readily done with the SCM7B37 series because Cold ...

Description: Figures 1 through 4 are the result of performing a 100-run Monte Carlo analysis on the SCM7B filter circuitry in both the frequency and time domains.* In this type of analysis, all component values ...

Description: Failure rate calculations for the SCM7B modules are derived from 1.) the MILHDBK- 217 (Reliability Prediction of Electronic Equipment), and 2.) Demonstrated Performance. The "Part Stress Analysis" ...

Description: Using the module data sheet or module top label, determine the input and output ranges of the module. Connect a precision voltage source, current source, frequency source, RTD simulator, resistance or ...