Rail-to-Rail Output Operational Amplifiers
from Richardson RFPD
Richardson RFPD, an Arrow Company, is a specialized electronic component distributor providing design engineers with deep technical expertise and localized global design support for the latest new products from the world's leading suppliers of RF, Wireless, Energy and Power Technologies. [See More]
- Supply Voltage (VS): 3 to 30
- Package Type: Flatpack
- Slew Rate: 4.6
- Features: Rail-Rail-Out; Rail-Rail-In
from DigiKey
General Purpose Amplifier 1 Circuit Rail-to-Rail 8-PDIP [See More]
- Source Current (IS): 0.1200
- Operating Temperature: 0 to 70
- Slew Rate: 1
- Package Type: DIP; "8-DIP (0.300"", 7.62mm)"
from DigiKey
General Purpose Amplifier 1 Circuit Rail-to-Rail 8-SOIC [See More]
- Source Current (IS): 0.1200
- Operating Temperature: 0 to 70
- Slew Rate: 1
- Package Type: SOIC; "8-SOIC (0.154"", 3.90mm Width)"
from DigiKey
CMOS Amplifier 4 Circuit Rail-to-Rail 14-PDIP [See More]
- Source Current (IS): 0.4900
- Operating Temperature: 0 to 70
- Slew Rate: 1
- Package Type: DIP; "14-DIP (0.300"", 7.62mm)"
from DigiKey
CMOS Amplifier 4 Circuit Rail-to-Rail 14-SOIC [See More]
- Source Current (IS): 0.4900
- Operating Temperature: 0 to 70
- Slew Rate: 1
- Package Type: SOIC; "14-SOIC (0.154"", 3.90mm Width)"
from DigiKey
Voltage Feedback Amplifier 1 Circuit Rail-to-Rail SOT-23-5 [See More]
- Source Current (IS): 2.2
- Operating Temperature: -40 to 85
- Slew Rate: 12
- Package Type: SOT; SC-74A, SOT-753
from DigiKey
Voltage Feedback Amplifier 1 Circuit Rail-to-Rail 8-SOIC [See More]
- Source Current (IS): 2.6
- Operating Temperature: -40 to 125
- Slew Rate: 220
- Package Type: SOIC; "8-SOIC (0.154"", 3.90mm Width)"
from DigiKey
Voltage Feedback Amplifier 2 Circuit Rail-to-Rail 8-MSOP [See More]
- Source Current (IS): 0.1360
- Operating Temperature: -40 to 85
- Slew Rate: 9
- Package Type: MSOP; TSSOP; "8-TSSOP, 8-MSOP (0.118"", 3.00mm Width)"
from DigiKey
Voltage Feedback Amplifier 4 Circuit Rail-to-Rail 14-SOIC [See More]
- Source Current (IS): 2.6
- Operating Temperature: -40 to 125
- Slew Rate: 225
- Package Type: SOIC; "14-SOIC (0.154"", 3.90mm Width)"
from DigiKey
Voltage Feedback Amplifier 4 Circuit Rail-to-Rail 14-TSSOP [See More]
- Source Current (IS): 0.1360
- Operating Temperature: -40 to 85
- Slew Rate: 9
- Package Type: TSSOP; "14-TSSOP (0.173"", 4.40mm Width)"
from DigiKey
Voltage Feedback Amplifier 1 Circuit Rail-to-Rail TSOT-5 [See More]
- Source Current (IS): 2.6
- Operating Temperature: -40 to 85
- Slew Rate: 220
- Package Type: SOT; SOT-23-5 Thin, TSOT-23-5
from DigiKey
General Purpose Amplifier 1 Circuit Rail-to-Rail 6-WDFN (2x2) [See More]
- Source Current (IS): 0.5000
- Operating Temperature: -40 to 85
- Slew Rate: 12
- Package Type: 6-WDFN Exposed Pad
from DigiKey
General Purpose Amplifier 4 Circuit Rail-to-Rail 10-MSOP [See More]
- Source Current (IS): 0.5000
- Operating Temperature: -40 to 85
- Slew Rate: 12
- Package Type: MSOP; "10-TFSOP, 10-MSOP (0.118"", 3.00mm Width)"
from DigiKey
General Purpose Amplifier 1 Circuit Rail-to-Rail 8-WDFN (3x3) [See More]
- Source Current (IS): 4
- Operating Temperature: -40 to 85
- Slew Rate: 35
- Package Type: 8-WDFN Exposed Pad
from DigiKey
General Purpose Amplifier 1 Circuit Rail-to-Rail 16-WQFN (4x4) [See More]
- Source Current (IS): 4
- Operating Temperature: -40 to 85
- Slew Rate: 35
- Package Type: 16-WQFN Exposed Pad
from DigiKey
General Purpose Amplifier 1 Circuit Rail-to-Rail SC-70-5 [See More]
- Source Current (IS): 0.1000
- Operating Temperature: -40 to 125
- Slew Rate: 0.6000
- Package Type: SOT; TSSOP; SC-70; 5-TSSOP, SC-70-5, SOT-353
from DigiKey
General Purpose Amplifier 1 Circuit Rail-to-Rail SOT-23-5 [See More]
- Source Current (IS): 0.1000
- Operating Temperature: -40 to 125
- Slew Rate: 0.6000
- Package Type: SOT; SC-74A, SOT-753
from DigiKey
General Purpose Amplifier 2 Circuit Rail-to-Rail 8-MSOP [See More]
- Source Current (IS): 0.1000
- Operating Temperature: -40 to 125
- Slew Rate: 0.6000
- Package Type: MSOP; TSSOP; "8-TSSOP, 8-MSOP (0.118"", 3.00mm Width)"
from DigiKey
General Purpose Amplifier 2 Circuit Rail-to-Rail 8-SOIC [See More]
- Source Current (IS): 0.1000
- Operating Temperature: -40 to 125
- Slew Rate: 0.6000
- Package Type: SOIC; "8-SOIC (0.154"", 3.90mm Width)"
from DigiKey
General Purpose Amplifier 4 Circuit Rail-to-Rail 14-SOIC [See More]
- Source Current (IS): 0.1000
- Operating Temperature: -40 to 125
- Slew Rate: 0.6000
- Package Type: SOIC; "14-SOIC (0.154"", 3.90mm Width)"
from DigiKey
General Purpose Amplifier 4 Circuit Rail-to-Rail 14-TSSOP [See More]
- Source Current (IS): 0.1000
- Operating Temperature: -40 to 125
- Slew Rate: 0.6000
- Package Type: TSSOP; "14-TSSOP (0.173"", 4.40mm Width)"
from DigiKey
General Purpose Amplifier 2 Circuit Rail-to-Rail 8-TSSOP [See More]
- Source Current (IS): 1
- Operating Temperature: -40 to 125
- Slew Rate: 7
- Package Type: TSSOP; "8-TSSOP (0.173"", 4.40mm Width)"
from DigiKey
CMOS Amplifier 2 Circuit Rail-to-Rail 8-TDFN (2x3) [See More]
- Source Current (IS): 0.0300
- Operating Temperature: -40 to 125
- Slew Rate: 0.1500
- Package Type: 8-WFDFN Exposed Pad
from DigiKey
SINGLE, 10MHZ OP AMP W/ STDN, E [See More]
- Source Current (IS): 0.7200
- Operating Temperature: -40 to 125
- Slew Rate: 15
- Package Type: SOT; SOT-23-6
from DigiKey
IC CMOS 2 CIRCUIT 8DFN [See More]
- Source Current (IS): 2.5
- Operating Temperature: -40 to 125
- Slew Rate: 10
- Package Type: 8-VDFN Exposed Pad
from DigiKey
General Purpose Amplifier 1 Circuit Rail-to-Rail 8-PDIP [See More]
- Source Current (IS): 0.0014
- Operating Temperature: 0 to 70
- Slew Rate: 1.00E-3
- Package Type: DIP; "8-DIP (0.300"", 7.62mm)"
from Power Amp Design
The PAD141 compact single supply power op amp is constructed with surface mount components to provide a cost effective solution for many industrial applications. With a footprint only 40mm square the PAD141 offers outstanding performance that rivals more expensive hybrid components. An integrated... [See More]
- Supply Voltage (VS): 12 to 100
- IBIAS: 1.00E-4
- VOS: 1 to 3
- Quiescent Current (IQ): 16000 to 20000
from Cirrus Logic, Inc.
The CS3002 operational amplifiers are designed to achieve optimum performance while reducing component count and bill of materials (BOM) costs. This innovative dual op amp family builds on Cirrus Logic ’s patented Multipath ™ amplifier technology to deliver both low noise and low drift. [See More]
- Supply Voltage (VS): 2.7 to 6.7
- IBIAS: 1.00E-4 to 1.00E-3
- VOS: 0.0100
- CMRR: 115 to 120
from Utmel Electronic Limited
1.8V, 35 µA, microPower, Precision, Zero Drift CMOS Op Amp 8-VSSOP -40 to 125 [See More]
- Supply Voltage (VS): 5
- VOS: 0.0500
- Source Current (IS): 0.0210
- IBIAS: 5.00E-4
from Renesas Electronics Corporation
The ICL761X series is a family of CMOS operational amplifiers. These devices provide the designer with high performance operation at low supply voltages and selectable quiescent currents, and are an ideal design tool when ultra low input current and low power dissipation are desired.brbr The basic... [See More]
- Supply Voltage (VS): 2 to 16
- VOS: 4
- Source Current (IS): 0.0150
- IBIAS: 1.00E-6 to 5.00E-5
from Power Amp Design
The PAD117A rail to rail operational amplifier is constructed with surface mount components to provide a cost effective solution for many industrial applications where it is important to obtain a maximum output signal with limited supply voltages. With a footprint only 5.6 in2 the PAD117A offers... [See More]
- Supply Voltage (VS): 5 to 50
- IBIAS: 1.00E-4
- VOS: 1 to 3
- Quiescent Current (IQ): 32000 to 38000
from Utmel Electronic Limited
13MHz, low-noise, Rail-to-Rail Input and Output, audio operational amplifier 5-SC70 -40 to 125 [See More]
- Supply Voltage (VS): 1.7 to 5.5
- GBW: 13
- Source Current (IS): 0.9400
- Slew Rate: 5.00E-6
from Renesas Electronics Corporation
The ICL761X series is a family of CMOS operational amplifiers. These devices provide the designer with high performance operation at low supply voltages and selectable quiescent currents, and are an ideal design tool when ultra low input current and low power dissipation are desired.brbr The basic... [See More]
- Supply Voltage (VS): 2 to 16
- VOS: 4
- Source Current (IS): 0.0150
- IBIAS: 1.00E-6 to 5.00E-5
from Power Amp Design
The PAD127 rail to rail operational amplifier is constructed with surface mount components to provide a cost effective solution for many industrial applications where it is important to obtain a maximum output signal with limited supply voltages. The PAD127 outperforms much more expensive hybrid... [See More]
- Supply Voltage (VS): 5 to 50
- IBIAS: 1.00E-4
- VOS: 1 to 5
- Quiescent Current (IQ): 60000 to 68000
from Utmel Electronic Limited
Advanced LinCMOS ™ rail-to-rail quad precision operational amplifier 14-TSSOP 0 to 70 [See More]
- Supply Voltage (VS): 5
- VOS: 0.3000
- Source Current (IS): 4.8
- IBIAS: 6.00E-5
from Renesas Electronics Corporation
The EL5120, EL5220, and EL5420 are low power, high voltage, rail-to-rail input-output amplifiers. The EL5120 contains a single amplifier, the EL5220 contains two amplifiers, and the EL5420 contains four amplifiers. Operating on supplies ranging from 5V to 15V, while consuming only 500 µA per... [See More]
- Supply Voltage (VS): 4.5 to 16.5
- Slew Rate: 10
- Source Current (IS): 0.5000
- Bandwidth: 12
from Power Amp Design
The PAD137 high power operational amplifier is constructed with surface mount components to provide a cost effective solution for many industrial applications. With a footprint only 5.6 in2 the PAD137 offers outstanding performance that rivals much more expensive hybrid component amplifiers or... [See More]
- Supply Voltage (VS): 5 to 50
- IBIAS: 1.00E-4
- VOS: 1 to 3
- Quiescent Current (IQ): 32000 to 38000
from Utmel Electronic Limited
Advanced LinCMOS? Low-Noise Precision Operational Amplifier 8-SOIC 0 to 70 [See More]
- Supply Voltage (VS): 5
- VOS: 0.0800
- Source Current (IS): 1.1
- GBW: 1.9
from Renesas Electronics Corporation
The EL5120, EL5220, and EL5420 are low power, high voltage, rail-to-rail input-output amplifiers. The EL5120 contains a single amplifier, the EL5220 contains two amplifiers, and the EL5420 contains four amplifiers. Operating on supplies ranging from 5V to 15V, while consuming only 500 µA per... [See More]
- Supply Voltage (VS): 4.5 to 16.5
- Slew Rate: 10
- Source Current (IS): 0.5000
- Bandwidth: 12
from Utmel Electronic Limited
Automotive advanced LinCMOS ™ rail-to-rail dual operational amplifier 8-TSSOP -40 to 125 [See More]
- Supply Voltage (VS): 5
- VOS: 2.5
- Source Current (IS): 2.4
- IBIAS: 6.00E-5
from Renesas Electronics Corporation
The EL5220T is a high voltage rail-to-rail input-output amplifier with low power consumption. The EL5220T contains two amplifiers. Each amplifier exhibits beyond the rail input capability, rail-to-rail output capability and is unity gain stable.brbr The maximum operating voltage range is from 4.5V... [See More]
- Supply Voltage (VS): 4.5 to 19
- Slew Rate: 12
- Source Current (IS): 0.5500
- Bandwidth: 12
from Utmel Electronic Limited
DIODES INC. APX321WG-7 Operational Amplifier, Single, 1 MHz, 1 Amplifier, 1 V/s,2.5V to5.5V, SOT-25, 5 Pins [See More]
- Supply Voltage (VS): 2.7
- VOS: 7
- Source Current (IS): 0.1100
- Slew Rate: 1.00E-6
from Renesas Electronics Corporation
The ISL24021 is a high output current, high voltage, rail-to-rail voltage feedback amplifier. The ISL24021 is capable of ±1A peak output short circuit current. The amplifier exhibits beyond the rail input capability, rail-to-rail output capability and is unity gain stable.brbr The operating... [See More]
- Supply Voltage (VS): 4.5 to 19
- Slew Rate: 18
- Source Current (IS): 2.1
- Bandwidth: 25
from Utmel Electronic Limited
DUAL 1.8V 10KHZ OP AMP E TEMP [See More]
- Supply Voltage (VS): 1.8
- IBIAS: 0.0050
- Source Current (IS): 9.00E-4
- GBW: 0.0100
from Renesas Electronics Corporation
The ISL28148, ISL28248 are 4.5MHz low-power single and dual operational amplifiers. The parts are optimized for single supply operation from 2.4V to 5.5V, allowing operation from one lithium cell or two Ni-Cd batteries. The single and dual feature an Input Range Enhancement Circuit (IREC), which... [See More]
- Supply Voltage (VS): 2.4 to 5.5
- VOS: 1.8
- Source Current (IS): 0.9000
- IBIAS: 1.00E-6 to 3.00E-5
from Utmel Electronic Limited
Dual Low-Noise Precision ail-To- ail Operational Amplifier 8-PDIP [See More]
- Supply Voltage (VS): 5
- VOS: 1
- Source Current (IS): 1.8
- IBIAS: 1.50E-4
from Renesas Electronics Corporation
The ISL28148, ISL28248 are 4.5MHz low-power single and dual operational amplifiers. The parts are optimized for single supply operation from 2.4V to 5.5V, allowing operation from one lithium cell or two Ni-Cd batteries. The single and dual feature an Input Range Enhancement Circuit (IREC), which... [See More]
- Supply Voltage (VS): 2.4 to 5.5
- VOS: 1.8
- Source Current (IS): 0.9000
- IBIAS: 1.00E-6 to 3.00E-5
from Utmel Electronic Limited
High Speed Operational Amplifiers 2.5V 200MHz GBW CMOS Single Op Amp [See More]
- Supply Voltage (VS): 5
- VOS: 9
- Source Current (IS): 8.3
- Slew Rate: 3.60E-4
from Renesas Electronics Corporation
The ISL28108, ISL28208 and ISL28408 are single, dual and quad low power precision amplifiers optimized for single supply applications. These devices feature a common mode input voltage range extending to 0.5V below the V- rail, a rail-to-rail differential input voltage range for use as a comparator,... [See More]
- Supply Voltage (VS): 3 to 40
- VOS: 0.2300
- Source Current (IS): 0.1650
- IBIAS: -0.0130 to 0.0430
from Utmel Electronic Limited
IC OP AMP 13V RRIO QUAD 14-SOIC [See More]
- Supply Voltage (VS): 5
- VOS: 6
- Source Current (IS): 0.7800
- IBIAS: 1
from Renesas Electronics Corporation
The ISL28108, ISL28208 and ISL28408 are single, dual and quad low power precision amplifiers optimized for single supply applications. These devices feature a common mode input voltage range extending to 0.5V below the V- rail, a rail-to-rail differential input voltage range for use as a comparator,... [See More]
- Supply Voltage (VS): 3 to 40
- VOS: 0.3300
- Source Current (IS): 0.1650
- IBIAS: -0.0130
from Utmel Electronic Limited
IC OP AMP CMOS RR 2.7MHZ 8SO [See More]
- Supply Voltage (VS): 4
- VOS: 0.2000
- Source Current (IS): 0.9000
- IBIAS: 0.0500
from Renesas Electronics Corporation
The ISL28134 is a single, chopper-stabilized zero drift operational amplifier optimized for single and dual supply operation from 2.25V to 6.0V and ±1.125V and ±3.0V. The ISL28134 uses auto-correction circuitry to provide very low input offset voltage, drift and a reduction of the 1/f... [See More]
- Supply Voltage (VS): 2.25 to 6
- VOS: 0.0025
- Source Current (IS): 0.6750
- IBIAS: 1.20E-4 to 3.00E-4
from Utmel Electronic Limited
IC OP AMP GP 1.4MHZ RR SC70-5 [See More]
- Supply Voltage (VS): 2.5
- VOS: 6
- Source Current (IS): 0.8200
- GBW: 1.4
from Renesas Electronics Corporation
The ISL28288 and ISL28488 are dual and quad channel micropower operational amplifiers optimized for single supply operation over the 2.4V to 5.5V range. They can be operated from one lithium cell or two Ni-Cd batteries. For equivalent performance in a single channel op amp, reference EL8188.brbr... [See More]
- Supply Voltage (VS): 2.4 to 5.5
- VOS: 1.5
- Source Current (IS): 0.0600
- IBIAS: 1.00E-5 to 3.00E-5
from Utmel Electronic Limited
IC OP AMP GP 900KHZ RR 6TSOP [See More]
- Supply Voltage (VS): 2.5
- VOS: 0.5000
- Source Current (IS): 0.8200
- GBW: 0.9000
from Renesas Electronics Corporation
The ISL28288 and ISL28488 are dual and quad channel micropower operational amplifiers optimized for single supply operation over the 2.4V to 5.5V range. They can be operated from one lithium cell or two Ni-Cd batteries. For equivalent performance in a single channel op amp, reference EL8188.brbr... [See More]
- Supply Voltage (VS): 2.4 to 5.5
- VOS: 1.5
- Source Current (IS): 0.0600
- IBIAS: 1.00E-5
from Utmel Electronic Limited
IC OP AMP ZERO DRIFT DUAL 8SOIC [See More]
- Supply Voltage (VS): 3.3
- IBIAS: 4.00E-4
- Source Current (IS): 0.0210
- Slew Rate: 1.50E-7
from Renesas Electronics Corporation
The ISL28113, ISL28213 and ISL28413 are single, dual and quad channel general purpose micropower, rail-to-rail input and output operational amplifiers with supply voltage range of 1.8V to 5.5V. Key features are a low supply current of 130 µA maximum per channel at room temperature, a low bias... [See More]
- Supply Voltage (VS): 1.8 to 5.5
- VOS: 5
- Source Current (IS): 0.1300
- IBIAS: 3.00E-6 to 2.00E-5
from Utmel Electronic Limited
IC, OP AMP, QUAD, DIFF R/R, 38TSSOP [See More]
- Supply Voltage (VS): 3.3
- VOS: 2
- Source Current (IS): 1.14
- IBIAS: 0.9000
from Renesas Electronics Corporation
The ISL28233 and ISL28433 are dual and quad micropower, chopper stabilized operational amplifiers that are optimized for single and dual supply operation from 1.65V to 6.0V and ±0.825V to ±3.0V. Their low supply current of 18 µA and wide input range enable the ISL28233, ISL28433... [See More]
- Supply Voltage (VS): 1.8 to 6
- VOS: 0.0060
- Source Current (IS): 0.0180
- IBIAS: 1.80E-4 to 3.00E-4
from Utmel Electronic Limited
IC; Op Amp; Outputs; 4; CMRR; 60DB; Slew; 0.003V/US; V(IN); 1.4-6.0V; -40TO125C; TSSOP-14 [See More]
- Supply Voltage (VS): 5
- VOS: 4.5
- Source Current (IS): 4.50E-4
- Slew Rate: 3.00E-9
from Renesas Electronics Corporation
The ISL28191 and ISL28291 are tiny single and dual ultra-low noise, ultra-low distortion operational amplifiers. They are fully specified to operate down to +3V single supply. These amplifiers have outputs that swing rail-to-rail and an input common mode voltage that extends to ground(ground... [See More]
- Supply Voltage (VS): 3 to 5.5
- VOS: 0.6300
- Source Current (IS): 2.6
- IBIAS: 3 to 6
from Utmel Electronic Limited
MCP6293 Series 6 V 10 MHz Rail-to-Rail I/O Operational Amplifier - SOIC-8 [See More]
- Supply Voltage (VS): 5
- VOS: 3
- Source Current (IS): 1
- IBIAS: 0.0050
from Renesas Electronics Corporation
The ISL28113, ISL28213 and ISL28413 are single, dual and quad channel general purpose micropower, rail-to-rail input and output operational amplifiers with supply voltage range of 1.8V to 5.5V. Key features are a low supply current of 130 µA maximum per channel at room temperature, a low bias... [See More]
- Supply Voltage (VS): 1.8 to 5.5
- VOS: 5
- Source Current (IS): 0.1300
- IBIAS: 3.00E-6 to 2.00E-5
from Utmel Electronic Limited
OP AMP [See More]
- Supply Voltage (VS): 1.8
- IBIAS: 0.0030
- Source Current (IS): 0.0480
- GBW: 0.0350
from Renesas Electronics Corporation
The ISL28191 and ISL28291 are tiny single and dual ultra-low noise, ultra-low distortion operational amplifiers. They are fully specified to operate down to +3V single supply. These amplifiers have outputs that swing rail-to-rail and an input common mode voltage that extends to ground(ground... [See More]
- Supply Voltage (VS): 3 to 5.5
- VOS: 0.6300
- Source Current (IS): 2.6
- IBIAS: 3 to 6
from Utmel Electronic Limited
Op Amp Dual Gp R-r I/o 5.5V 8-PIN Dfn Ep T/r [See More]
- Supply Voltage (VS): 3.3
- VOS: 1.5
- Source Current (IS): 0.8200
- IBIAS: 1.00E-4
from Utmel Electronic Limited
Op Amp Dual Gp R-r I/o 5.5V 8-PIN MSOP T/r [See More]
- Supply Voltage (VS): 1.8
- VOS: 4
- Source Current (IS): 0.0105
- IBIAS: 1.00E-5
from Utmel Electronic Limited
OP Amp Dual GP R-R I/O 5.5V 8-Pin SOIC T/R [See More]
- Supply Voltage (VS): 1.6 to 5.5
- VOS: 0.5000
- Source Current (IS): 0.0700
- GBW: 1
from Utmel Electronic Limited
OP Amp Quad GP R-R O/P 5.5V 14-Pin SOIC T/R [See More]
- Supply Voltage (VS): 2.7
- VOS: 0.8000
- Source Current (IS): 0.3000
- IBIAS: 0.1800
from Utmel Electronic Limited
OP Amp Single GP R-R I/O ±16V/32V Automotive 5-Pin TSOP T/R [See More]
- Supply Voltage (VS): 2.2
- VOS: 6
- Source Current (IS): 0.6000
- IBIAS: 0.3000
from Utmel Electronic Limited
OP Amp Single GP R-R I/O ±3V/6V 6-Pin SOT-23 T/R [See More]
- Supply Voltage (VS): 3
- VOS: 1.5
- Source Current (IS): 0.0230
- IBIAS: 0.0070
from Utmel Electronic Limited
OP Amp Single GP R-R O/P ±6V/12V Automotive 5-Pin SOT-23 T/R [See More]
- Supply Voltage (VS): 4.5 to 12
- VOS: 0.8000
- Source Current (IS): 9.8
- Slew Rate: 1.18E-4