Location and Personalisation: Delivering Online and Mobility Services
This book takes a look at two application technologies location and personalization and presents an understanding of the technical and business impact of these technologies.
TABLE OF CONTENTS Location and Personalisation: Delivering Online and Mobility Services
Chapter 4: Location-Based Services An Overview of the Standards
P M Adams, G W B Ashwell and R Baxter
4.1 Introduction
Interest in location-based service (LBS) standards began in the 1990s with the more advanced second generation cellular systems particularly in GSM. There has been a general drive from mobile operators to increase their average revenue per user (ARPU), and by the late 1990s it was clear that the cellular markets were fast approaching the saturation point in terms of customer penetration rates. Therefore the only way to further increase the turnover of mobile operators was to raise their ARPU by the successful provision of more value-added services, such as the LBS.
Mobile systems, such as GSM, have always been heavily driven by standards so as to achieve full interoperability between different suppliers as well as international roaming on to foreign networks [1]. The focus for GSM standards developments throughout the 1990s was the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) Special Mobile Group (SMG). However, for certain specialist functions, such as the development of end-to-end protocol solutions between mobiles, ETSI SMG has worked with other groups such as the Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) Forum.
[1]Generally roaming on to other mobile networks in one's home country has not been possible in 2G systems, but this was one of the policy issues being re-evaluated for 3G systems like UMTS.
4.2 Evolution of the Framework for the Development of LBS Standards
4.2.1 The North American Influence on LBS Developments
In the mid-to-late 1990s an increasing number of American cellular operators...
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