Matrices for Engineers

The characteristic polynomial may be generated in several ways.
The most direct method is the direct expansion of det[ A ? ? I]=0.
This has been demonstrated in Example 7.1.
The method of principal minors discussed in Section 7.5.
Bocher's method [1] which is considered in Section 7.6.
Leverrier's metho, sometimes referred to as Fadeeva's method, [2] which is treated in Section 7.7.
[1]Bocher, M., Introduction to Higher Algebra, Dover Publications, New York, NY, 1954
[2]Fadeev, D.K., and N.K. Fadeeva, Computational Methods in Linear Algebra, translated by R.C Willians, W.H Freeman, San Fransco, CA, 1963.