Reference Articles 1 - 100 of 239
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Tungsten vs. Gold: Battle of the Biomaterials
Description: Tungsten is as radiopaque as gold. For applications requiring radiopacity and the added benefits of pure gold, Metal Cutting's gold plated tungsten is an affordable, high quality alternative ...
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Why Plastic Flows Bettter in Aluminum Injection Molds
From: Alcoa Mill ProductsDescription: There have been numerous articles published regarding the cycle time advantage aluminum molds have over steel when configured with the same gate, part geometry and cooling channels, but there is ...
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High Melting Lead-Free Mixed BiAgX Solder Paste System
From: Indium CorporationDescription: Although lead-free soldering has been main stream in the industry since 2006 with the replacement of the eutectic SnPb system by the SnAgCu system, the development of drop-in lead-free alternatives ...
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No-Clean Flux Residue and Underfill Compatibility Effects on Electrical Reliability
From: Indium CorporationDescription: No-clean soldering processes dominate the commercial electronics manufacturing world. With the explosion of growth in handheld electronics devices, manufacturers have been forced to look for ways to ...
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The Miracle of Soldering - an Historical Perspective
From: Indium CorporationDescription: Pity the copper age smelter of 3000BC. He had to get his wood fire to 1085°C to smelt or melt copper, sometimes he couldn't get that high a temperature. Even when he was successful, his copper didn't ...
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Ferrous/Non-Ferrous Materials Overview
Description: The Ferrous and Non-Ferrous Material Overview is used at All Metals & Forge as a training tool so that staff members gain an understanding of the metal families of their respective properties. ...
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White Paper: Looking ahead to metals in 2015
Description: "2015" is a comprehensive outlook at the metals and metalworking industry into the near future. Clearly, a recovery is underway and events may be happening sooner than originally predicted when this ...
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Applications of Solder Fortification With Preforms
From: Indium CorporationDescription: Although many have predicted the demise of through-hole components, they are alive and well with tens of billions assembled each year. In many cases these components are assembled by wave soldering. ...
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Low-Melting Metallic Sputtering Targets Bonded At Room Temperature (Ambient)
From: Indium CorporationDescription: Solar PV cell and module manufacturers are looking for new and improved assembly materials and process enhancements to increase throughput, reduce cost, and improve cell efficiency. To reach these ...
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Process Optimization to Prevent the Graping Effect
From: Indium CorporationDescription: The explosive growth of personal electronic devices, such as mobile phones and personal music devices, has driven the need for smaller and smaller active and passive electrical components. Not too ...
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Corrosion Protection Measures - Corrosion Resistant Paints: Surface Finishing Tutorial
From: MISUMI USADescription: Simply using the previously discussed corrosion resistant metals for structural materials in order to protect from corrosions will quickly become very expensive. Paints are used to protect from ...
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Applications of Solder Fortification™ With Preforms (.pdf)
From: Indium CorporationDescription: Although many have predicted the demise of through-hole components, they are alive and well with tens of billions assembled each year. In many cases these components are assembled by wave soldering. ...
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Ion Exchange Treatment of Regulated Metals in Coal Ash Found to be Efficient in Power Industry
Description: Coal ash is a waste product of coal combustion used for electrical power generation. Fly ash (from smoke stacks) and bottom ash (from boilers and combustion chambers) may contain trace metals ...
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Successful Implementation of an Odor Control Program on a Large Scale
Description: A Southeastern U.S. municipality treats over 100 million gallons per day of municipal and industrial wastewater at several facilities throughout its collection system. Countless complaints were made ...
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Corrosive Environments and Corrosion Types
From: MISUMI USADescription: Typically, metal corrosion becomes socially problematic not in harsh acidic or alkali environments but in human habitable atmospheric (humidity), temperature, ravely, rarely corrosive gases, airborne ...
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New Foundry Recasts NBM's Market Reach (.pdf)
Description: With the advanced capabilities of its modern new foundry, National Bronze & Metal's Inc. plans to expand into new alloys and new markets all over the world. ...
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High Rate and High Efficiency Hydrogen Generation via Water Electrolysis Catalyzed by Nano Powders (.pdf)
Description: Over 90% of all hydrogen used today is made from steam-reformed petroleum. This process produces greater than 5 kg of carbon dioxide for each kg of hydrogen if using methane and even more if using ...
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My 400 BHN Plate will Outwear your AR 500!?? (.pdf)
Description: A description our how our Astralloy 4800 material can actually outlast typical 500 Brinell wear plate. ...
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MetalsWatch: Climbing Out of the Production Hole
Description: Some executives, such as U.S. Steel CEO John Surma, insist there will be increased demand for flat-rolled steel in North America this quarter. But he may be whistling in the wind since he ha admitted ...
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International Metal Specifications Cross Reference Database
Description: This International Metals Specifications Cross-Reference database compares the World's ferrous and nonferrous metal alloys as classified in the 58 systems of 36 countries. ...
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Quick Reference: Periodic Table
Description: Quick Reference to periodic table - noting Alkali Metals, Transition Metals, Alkali Earth Metals, etc... ...
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Influence of Plastic Deformation on The Integrity and Corrosion Resistance of Tantaline Surface Treatment (.pdf)
From: TantalineDescription: Material Selection Resources Inc has been involved in selecting materials for valves and pumps in very harsh environments for its clients. Many of the applications require good corrosion resistance in ...
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Metal Valves for Highly Corrosive Applications (.pdf)
From: TantalineDescription: This article highlights important issues to consider when selecting corrosion resistant metal valves for difficult corrosion applications, i.e. applications where standard valves (in steel, in ...
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Tantalum Biocompatability Report (.pdf)
From: TantalineDescription: This document reviews literature that presents information pertinent to the issue of tantalum's biocompatibility. The information comes from the scientific literature, from extraction studies ...
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Tantalum Suface Alloying of Parts for Corrosice Hydrogen Production Process (.pdf)
From: TantalineDescription: With increasing demand for energy and environmental concerns on the rise, there is a tremendous focus to develop the next generation of energy. Advanced processes for coal, natural gas, and especially ...
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Valves & Specialty Metal Materials (.pdf)
From: TantalineDescription: The role of valves in a process is far from insignificant. These components enable engineers to control the vitals of a process: temperature, pressure, concentration, and flow. In some cases, the ...
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Solving the Problems Inherent to Torch Brazing Aluminum (.pdf)
From: Bellman-Melcor LLCDescription: The volatility in the price of copper has removed cost certainty for manufacturers of copper heat-transfer devices. This market instability and the escalating warranty claims associated with formicary ...
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Achieving a Finer Grain Structure Using the Indium Sulfamate Plating Bath (.pdf)
From: Indium CorporationDescription: The indium sulfamate plating bath is a common method of depositing pure indium onto conductive metallic surfaces. A relatively common misconception about the bath is that the deposit will have a ...
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Indium Oxide & Indium-Tin Oxide (ITO) Coatings (.pdf)
From: Indium CorporationDescription: When applied as a coating to glass, mylar or other transparent surface, Indium Oxide and Indium-Tin Oxide (ITO) create conductive, highly transparent surfaces which reflect infrared rays while ...
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Proper Surface Preparation For Indium Plating (.pdf)
From: Indium CorporationDescription: As in all electroplating processes, proper surface preparation prior to actual electroplating of indium is essential to insure adequate adhesion and coverage of the deposited metal. Indium can be ...
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Prototype Plating Using Indium Sulfamate Plating Bath (.pdf)
From: Indium CorporationDescription: Electroplating indium onto various materials allows the evaluation of indium's unique properties. For example, two metallic substrates can be electroplated with indium and subsequently bonded together ...
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Soldering to Aluminum (.pdf)
From: Indium CorporationDescription: Pure aluminum and high aluminum alloys quickly form a tenacious, refractory ceramic oxide on the surface that requires special techniques to remove and achieve successful soldering. ...
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Soldering to Gold - Alloy Choice and Limitations (.pdf)
From: Indium CorporationDescription: Gold is a noble metal and therefore does not oxidize or tarnish to any appreciable extent. In electronics, this property makes gold suitable for a number of uses, including contacts for switches and ...
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Soldering to Nitinol (.pdf)
From: Indium CorporationDescription: Nitinol (nickel/titanium alloy) has become an increasingly popular material in the medical industry, largely due to its shape memory characteristics, where it is often used in stents, catheters and ...
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Storage and Handling of Solder Preforms and Fabrications (.pdf)
From: Indium CorporationDescription: Solder preforms are manufactured under clean room conditions and packaged in an inert gas to minimize oxidation. Since no container offers complete isolation from oxygen in ambient air, preforms ...
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Determination of Solidus and Liquidus Alloys Temperatures Using a Differential Scanning Calorimeter (.pdf)
From: Indium CorporationDescription: The solidus temperature is defined as the temperature at which the first deviation from the base line appears (Figure 1). The deviation signals that a phase change is taking place. Thus the solidus ...
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Etching Indium to Remove Oxides (.pdf)
From: Indium CorporationDescription: The formation of metal oxides on indium is self-passivating. A thickness of 80-100 Angstroms of oxide is all that will form on the surface. Prior to using indium in a sealing or cold welding ...
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Gold Tin The Unique Eutectic Solder Alloy (.pdf)
From: Indium CorporationDescription: The eutectic gold-tin alloy is 80%Au/20%Sn with a eutectic of 280°C (556°F) and is reflowed in a pure nitrogen or forming gas* atmosphere, which forms the "flux", normally onto gold based ...
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How to use Fusible Alloys (.pdf)
From: Indium CorporationDescription: Fusible alloys are materials that melt at less then 300°F, well below the melting point of tin-lead eutectic solders and SAC alloys. Bismuth is the major component of many of these alloys and ...
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Indium Cold Welding (.pdf)
From: Indium CorporationDescription: Indium has the unique ability to cold weld to itself. If the surfaces have been coated with indium (minimum 0.002"-0.003"), they can be joined by following this procedure ...
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Indium for Sealing (.pdf)
From: Indium CorporationDescription: Indium is an ideal material to create a compression seal due to its softness. It remains malleable and ductile even at cryogenic temperatures. Alloys containing high amounts of indium are sometimes ...
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Indium/Copper Intermetallics (.pdf)
From: Indium CorporationDescription: Indium and copper diffuse into one another creating brittle intermetallic formations that could cause failures in applications that are sensitive to shock or thermal cycling. ...
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Indium/Lead Soldering to Gold (.pdf)
From: Indium CorporationDescription: Many components and printed circuit boards are plated with varying thicknesses of gold ranging from a fl ash, (10-15 microinches,) to several hundred microinches. To produce an acceptable joint when ...
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Physical Constants of Pure Indium (.pdf)
From: Indium CorporationDescription: Indium, the 49th element, was discovered in Germany in 1863. In 1934, Indium Corporation of America was the first to begin commercial development of indium, and is still the leading refiner, ...
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The Use of Indium Chemicals in Alkaline Battery Manufacturing (.pdf)
From: Indium CorporationDescription: Indium is commonly used in the manufacture of alkaline batteries. Indium functions by coating the individual zinc particles of the cathode with a thin coating of indium metal. When the battery is ...
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Metal Floors - White Paper
Description: The term "Metal Floors" brings to mind a wide variety of products. One of the first Web sites that comes up on Google for the term "Metal Floors" talks about luxury housing trends and how metal tiles ...
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A Hierachical Initation Mechanism Approach to Modeling Fatigue Life Variability in 35CO-35NI-10MO Alloy Medical Grade Fine Wire (.pdf)
From: Fort Wayne Metals, Inc.Description: Many cardiac stimulation lead systems use wires comprising alloy MP35NTM1 or a clean melt version known as 35N LT?2. At an average human heart rate of sixty beats per minute, these wire systems ...
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Characterizing Fatigue Response of Nickel-Titanium (.pdf)
From: Fort Wayne Metals, Inc.Description: Fatigue information has been reliable in predicting wire critical structural integrity. The aim of this study is to expound on the characterization technique of rotary beam fatigue testing (RBT). By ...
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Fatigue Performance of Nitinol Round Wire with Varying Cold Work Reductions (.pdf)
From: Fort Wayne Metals, Inc.Description: The role of cold work reduction and its effect on fatigue properties are examined by means of rotary beam fatigue testing. In this study, processing parameters from the initial ingot to the final size ...
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Structure-Property Relationships in Conventional and Nanocrystalline NiTi Intermetallic Alloy Wire (.pdf)
From: Fort Wayne Metals, Inc.Description: Homogeneous 177-lm diameter nanocrystalline Nitinol wires were produced and compared to microcrystalline Nitinol from equivalent ingot stock. Property measurement was carried out using cyclic tension ...
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FlexMetal Catalyst Technologies (.pdf)
From: DelphiDescription: A new family of automotive three-way conversion (TWC) catalyst technologies has been developed using a Precision Metal Addition (PMA) process. Precious metal (PGM) fixation onto the support occurs ...
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Glossary of Forging Terms
Description: Common terms used in forging, also a good metallurgical introduction. ...
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Carbon Paraequilibrium in Austenitic Stainless Steel
From: Swagelok CompanyDescription: Carburization of austenitic stainless steels under paraequilibriumconditions-i.e., at (low) temperatures where there is essentially no substitutional diffusion-leads to a family of steels with ...
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Advantages of Forging
Description: Forging Solutions Design Engineering Additional case studies How Forgings Compare to Other Processes Fatigue Performance Comparison of Competing Manufacturing Processes ...
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FIA - Forging Facts
Description: What is forging? Why use forgings and where are they used? Who buys forgings How big is the forging industry? How many people are employed by the forging industry? What metals are forged? What ...
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How to Buy Forgings (.pdf)
Description: Close cooperation between buyers and producers of forgings has always been a vital part of achieving the best possible product at the lowest possible cost. With major advances in forging methods and ...
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Allowing for Fracture Toughness in the Use of Zirconium (.pdf)
From: ATI Wah ChangDescription: Designers of equipment incorporating load-bearing parts made of zirconium should account for its comparatively low facture-toughness. The paper summarizes the current knowledge of zirconium ...
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Case Studies in Developing Compact Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger Designs with Titanium Finned Tube (.pdf)
From: ATI Wah ChangDescription: The use of titanium integral finned tube in shell and tube heat exchanger design contributes greatly to the development of compact designs. The increase in shellside heat transfer surface area, ...
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Choosing the Right Material: Reactive Metals versus Stainless Steels or Nickel Alloys (.pdf)
From: ATI Wah ChangDescription: Allegheny Ludlum produces a wide ranger of corrosion-resistant rolled products from nickel and titanium alloys and standard and proprietary stainless steels. Choice of the optimum material for a given ...
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Consideration on Tube-to-Tubesheet Joint of Zirconium and Titanium Tubular Heat Exchanger (.pdf)
From: ATI Wah ChangDescription: The tube-to-tubesheet joint is considered to be one of the most important and critical portions of tubular type heat exchangers. When reactive metal tubes, such as zirconium and titanium, are used in ...
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Corrosion Resistance of Zirconium with Silicon Additions (.pdf)
From: ATI Wah ChangDescription: Silicon addition to zirconium may improve its corrosion resistance. Silicon precipitates as ZR3Si at concentrations above 10 ppm and to be effective, the silicon should be in solution. Zirconium ...
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Design and Procurement of Zirconium Column Internals (.pdf)
From: ATI Wah ChangDescription: The design and procurement of zirconium pressure vessels and heat exchangers has become commonplace recently and many fabricators worldwide are capable of supplying them. Pressure vessels that require ...
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Evaluation of U-bends in Welded Ti Tubing (.pdf)
From: ATI Wah ChangDescription: It is often advantageous to use U-bend tubes in industrial heat exchangers, but the integrity of the bends is a primary concern, especially with materials sensitive to fabrication. ...
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Factors Influencing Charpy Impact Resistance of Zirconium 702 (.pdf)
From: ATI Wah ChangDescription: This paper reviews current work performed by OWC to better characterize significant factors influencing impact toughness of zirconium 702, as determined by Charpy impact testing. In Part I, an ...
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Flowforming of Zirconium and Titanium Pipe (.pdf)
From: ATI Wah ChangDescription: Flowforming in an advanced, cold forming process for manufacturing dimensionally precise, axially symmetrical, hollow components. The final shapes can be cylindrical, conical, ogival and contoured. ...
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Hydrometallurgical Applications of Titanium-Clad Steel (.pdf)
From: ATI Wah ChangDescription: Titanium is the material of choice for corrosion control in many hydrometallurgy processes. Titanium provides superior corrosion protection in autoclaves and support vessels for pressure acid leaching ...
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Investment Casting of Zr and Ti (.pdf)
From: ATI Wah ChangDescription: The pumps and valves used in the chemical process industry must withstand highly corrosive media, often at high temperatures and pressures. Alloys of titanium and zirconium are needed for many ...
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Lower Cost Ruthenium-Enhanced Titanium Alloys for Severe Chemical Service (.pdf)
From: ATI Wah ChangDescription: Two ruthenium-enhanced titanium alloys, ASTM Grades 26 and 27 containing nominally 0.10-0.12 wt.% Ru, are significantly less expensive than Ti-Pd alloys in mill product forms, because of the lower, ...
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Managing a Zirconium Project (.pdf)
From: ATI Wah ChangDescription: Life Cycle Costing of equipment has increase the usage of zirconium over other lower priced alloys. The decision to select zirconium as a material of choice in a large capital project requires careful ...
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New Perspective of Flux Assisted GTA Welding in Titanium Structures (.pdf)
From: ATI Wah ChangDescription: Welded titanium structures are exposed to severe conditions in corrosive environments. Titanium alloys are sensitive to grain growth and atmospheric contamination during welding. Gas tungsten arc ...
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Niobium (Nb) for Hot Concentrated Nitric Acid: Material Selection & Field Experiences with Nb-Shell & Tube Heat Exchangers (.pdf)
From: ATI Wah ChangDescription: The highly acid, oxidizing conditions in parts of nitric acid plants severely tax conventional materials such as high-purity aluminum and high-silicon stainless steel. Long-term field-testing of these ...
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Nondestructive Evaluation of Hydrogen Absorption Embrittlement of Tantalum and Life Management in Chemical Plant (.pdf)
From: ATI Wah ChangDescription: Tantalum (Ta) shows excellent corrosion resistant. However, tantalum is susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement. This paper presents a failure analysis of tanalum thermometer sheath-tube used in ...
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Pitting Corrosion of Zirconium 702 in Hot, Dilute Sulfuric Acid Contaminated with Copper (.pdf)
From: ATI Wah ChangDescription: Severe pitting corrosion is zirconium (UNS No. R60702) reboiler tubes was experienced in hot dilute sulfuric acid. The zirconium 702 tubes had operated with no corrosion for several years. In an ...
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Practical Applications of Clad Materials in Chemical Process Environments (.pdf)
From: ATI Wah ChangDescription: The use of reactive metals in chemical process environments is increasing because of increased awareness that they withstand corrosion attack in aggressive organic and inorganic chemicals. ...
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Recent Applications of Reactive Metals in the Hydrometallurgy Environment (.pdf)
From: ATI Wah ChangDescription: High temperature and high pressure processes continue to gain acceptance in the hydrometallurgical processing of more and more minerals. High pressure acid leaching and pressure oxidation have proved ...
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Recent Developments in Characterization of Titanium-Steel Explosion Bond Interface (.pdf)
From: ATI Wah ChangDescription: This paper presents the process variables, then the initial work of the NOBLECLAD - ENIT program on the titanium-steel bond. Analysis of samples of titanium-steel in both the as-clad condition and ...
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Recent Developments in Zirconium-Steel Explosion Clad (.pdf)
From: ATI Wah ChangDescription: Due to its superior corrosion resistance, zirconium is the material of choice for many aggressive chemical processes. Zirconium is used in pressure vessels, heat exchangers, columns, piping, etc. ...
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Stategies for Failure Analysis (.pdf)
From: ATI Wah ChangDescription: The procedure for determining failure cause is described, starting with the history of the failed material, documentation of the failure circumstances and emphasis on proper methods for acquisition, ...
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Tantalum, Niobium and Zirconium as Corrosion Resistant Materials (.pdf)
From: ATI Wah ChangDescription: Tantalum, niobium and zirconium are known as refactory metals because their melting points are greater than that of platinum, 1750 C. The high melting point combined with excellent corrosion ...
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Tantalum: Properties and Typical Uses (.pdf)
From: ATI Wah ChangDescription: Tantlum is a metal little known to most of the metallurgical community. Its properties are often misunderstood and misrepresented. A general description of the properties of tantalum and its alloy NRC ...
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The Changing Industrial Environment and Materials Selection (.pdf)
From: ATI Wah ChangDescription: The competitive global environment provides a key economic driver to use reactive metals in corrosive conditions. Economics are dictated by POE, unit costs, maintenance cost, reliability, and life ...
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The Cost Effective Use of Titanium in CPI Construction (.pdf)
From: ATI Wah ChangDescription: Titanium applications in the chemical industry (CPI) are described from its introduction to its present diverse usage. Its performance, properties and life-cycle costs are compared with competitive ...
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The DRA-VEAT Advanced Method in Directional Solidification of Eutectics for MMC Systems (.pdf)
From: ATI Wah ChangDescription: Useful grain refinement can be obtained when an alloy is electromagnetically vibrated during solidification under favourable conditions, primarily involving the amplitude of the oscillating pressure. ...
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The Materials Engineer View on Practical Applications and Potential Pitfalls in Titanium and Tantalum (.pdf)
From: ATI Wah ChangDescription: Use of titanium and tantalum in corrosive service can yield considerable savings. To avoid costly problems, appropriate care must be taken in materials and in fabrication, and operating and ...
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TI-45NB: A Material of Construction for Wet Oxidation Processes (.pdf)
From: ATI Wah ChangDescription: High-temperature oxidation of wastes in water solutions can improve biodegrability. The corrosive conditions used can initiate combustion of preferred corrosion-resistant materials. This paper ...
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Titanium & Zirconium Rammed Graphite Castings for Industrial Applications (.pdf)
From: ATI Wah ChangDescription: This paper describes the production of rammed graphite titanium and zirconium castings. This process is similar to the sand casting process used to cast many common iron base alloys. Issues such as ...
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Titanium Experience in Refining and Chemical Processes (.pdf)
From: ATI Wah ChangDescription: Several case histories involving titanium heat exchangers in refinery and chemical plant services are discussed. These experiences illustrate some of the limitations of titanium in the aggressive ...
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Zirconium/Titanium/Carbon Steel Tri-clad Reactor for Acetic Acid Plant in BP Amoco Process (.pdf)
From: ATI Wah ChangDescription: A zirconium/titanium/carbon steel tri-clad reactor has been specified for the first time in the BP Chemicals acetic technology. The plant is under construction by BP Petronas Acetyls SDN. BHD in ...
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Colossal Carbon Supersaturation in Austenitic Stainless Steels Carburized at Low Temperature (.pdf)
From: Swagelok CompanyDescription: A novel, low-temperature (470°C) gas-phase carburization treatment, developed by the Swagelok Company, increases the surface hardness of 316 austenitic stainless steels from 200 to 1000 HV25 and ...
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Hard Case of Stainless (.pdf)
From: Swagelok CompanyDescription: New process for surface hardening of stainless steel without compromising corrosion resistance. From Mechanical Engineering magazine ...
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Alloy Testing and Selection for a Novel Chlorosulfonic Acid Environment (.pdf)
From: ATI Wah ChangDescription: During the scale-up of a new active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), materials of construction issues were of high importance due to the extremely aggressive nature of the reaction mixture and the ...
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An Introduction to ASTM B898, The Reactive and Refractory Metal Clad Specification (.pdf)
From: ATI Wah ChangDescription: In 1999 the ASTM B10 committee Task Force on Clad Metal completed development and approvals of a specification covering Reactive and Refractory Metal Clad Plate. The task force effort included ...
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Comparative Corrosion Resistance of RU- and Pd- Modified C.P. Titanium Alloys (.pdf)
From: ATI Wah ChangDescription: Laboratory corrosion testing was utilized to directly compare the reducing acid crevice, and anodic pitting corrosion and hydrogen absorption resistance of six commercial Pd- and Ru-modified C.P. ...
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Continuing Innovation in Zirconium Explosion Clad Manufacturing (.pdf)
From: ATI Wah ChangDescription: Zirconium clad plates provide the excellent corrosion resistance of zirconium combined with the high mechanical properties and easy fabrication of steel base metal. Explosion cladding (also, known as ...
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Corrosion Wear Behavior of Zirconium in Hot Sulfide Containing Electrolytes (.pdf)
From: ATI Wah ChangDescription: The synergistic effect between corrosion and wear was determined for zirconium 702 in an aqueous medium. Zirconium 702 with a pickled surface treatment and zirconium 702 with an air oxidized surface ...
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Effects of Tin Content in Zirconium (.pdf)
From: ATI Wah ChangDescription: Tin may be a major impurity in UNS R 60702 or Zr 702. The presence of tin in Zr 702 results from the addition of Zircaloy recycle in the production process. This practice may yield a few benefits, ...
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Experiences With the Fabrication and Service Behavior of Components Made of TI and ZR in the Chemical Process Industry (.pdf)
From: ATI Wah ChangDescription: Ti and TiPd 0,2, as well as Zr 702 are metals with excellent corrosion resistance in many aggressive media handled in the chemical process industry, including strongly oxidizing media, mineral and ...
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Exploiting Corrosion Resistance by Materials Selection (.pdf)
From: ATI Wah ChangDescription: The paper gives an overview of how the material selection process must capture the requirements of all aspects of the design, manufacture, operation and maintenance activities to arrive at an ...
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Forty Years of Corrosion Solutions: A Retrospective View of the Chemical Process Industries (.pdf)
From: ATI Wah ChangDescription: The chemical process industries are facing an increasing squeeze between labor and raw materials costs and product prices that are rising less rapidly. As a result, productivity increases are ...
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How the Application of Refractory Materials Have Offered the Petrochemical Industry Greater Efficiencies (.pdf)
From: ATI Wah ChangDescription: Several case histories in sulfuric acid are used to illustrate the potential for zirconium to increase manufacturing efficiency by reducing operating and maintenance costs in the petrochemical ...
