Electrical and Electronics Reference Materials
Technical Articles
Reference Articles 1801 - 1900 of 3208
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Gas Cleaning
Description: An Integral Step in Biomass Gasification ...
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Sourcing Sulfur
Description: Sulfuric acid is a major industrial chemical used to produce end products, such as fibers, chemical compounds, paints, detergents, and dyes. The most abundant amount of sulfuric acid production is ...
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Wet Electrostatic Precipitators
Description: A preferred Technology for Emission Control ...
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Wet Electrostatic Precipitators: The Proven Technology for Sulfuric Acid Gas Cleaning
Description: Since the wet electrostatic precipitator (WESP) achieved emission control of gas streams by removing up to 99.9% of the submicron particulate matter, it was evident the WESP system would be a perfect ...
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Requirements for Wind Energy SVG Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors
Description: For SVG DC capacitors, the capacitor core is installed in the shell, and there is a filler between the capacitor core and the shell. The shell is located on the upper part of the capacitor core with a ...
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Moisture Control Requirements for Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors
Description: In the process of material storage and production of electrolytic capacitors, the moisture of electrolytic capacitors is controlled, which directly affects the production efficiency of the product, ...
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The Role of Electrolytic Capacitors
Description: Turn the sawtooth wave after rectification into a smooth pulsating wave, which is close to DC. In the power circuit, the rectifier circuit turns the AC into a pulsating DC, and a larger capacity ...
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High Performance Machine Design Considerations
Description: This article will discuss design considerations and challenges for electric machines and how new materials can help improve their performance and efficiency. ...
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How to Select Appropriate O-ring
Description: In the market, there are three kinds of typical material for o-ring: NBR, VMQ(SILICONE), FKM. ...
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Our Custom Solar Design Process
From: PowerFilm, Inc.Description: Inspiration can strike at a moment's notice. One minute you're at a cafe sipping coffee and reading a magazine when all of a sudden, the lightbulb turns on, and your next great product idea is born. ...
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What Features are Most Important for Energy Harvesting PMICs?
From: PowerFilm, Inc.Description: Energy Harvesting Power Management ICs (EH PMIC) are critical components of energy-autonomous electronics. They connect PV, energy storage, and the load ensuring power flows efficiently between all ...
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What is Magnetic Moment?
Description: Magnetic dipole moment, often simply called magnetic moment, is a measurement of a magnetic dipole's ability to turn itself into alignment with a given external magnetic field. The magnitude of the ...
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Advantages and Disadvantages of Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors
Description: Self-healing refers to the ability of the electrolytic capacitor to recover itself and prevent avalanche breakdown when there are some small problems in the medium during operation. 2. Aluminum ...
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Electrolytic Capacitor Manufacturing Process
Description: In order to increase the contact area between the aluminum foil and the electrolyte, the appearance of the aluminum foil in the capacitor is not smooth. Instead, the appearance of the aluminum foil is ...
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Capacitor Charging and Discharging
Description: A capacitor is a passive device that stores energy in the form of an electric field. When necessary, the capacitor can release the stored energy into the circuit. The capacitor consists of two ...
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Capacitor Classification
Description: According to whether the capacitance can be adjusted, it can be divided into fixed capacitor, variable capacitor and trimmer capacitor. According to the purpose, it can be divided into coupling ...
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Glossary of Cable Terms
From: Lapp TannehillDescription: Glossary of Cable terms ...
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Tray-Rated Cable 101
From: Lapp TannehillDescription: What makes a tray-rated cable different from a standard multi-conductor? ...
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Important Indicators of Capacitors
Description: The capacity of the capacitor is the capacity of the stored charge. The basic unit of capacity is farad (F), we commonly use microfarad (μF), picofarad (pF) and other units (the conversion ...
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How to Choose Between a Relay, Solenoid, and Contactor
From: Waytek, Inc.Description: Relays, solenoids, and contactors are all switches-whether electro-mechanical or solid state-but there are critical differences that make each suitable for different applications. In this article, we ...
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Several Precautions for Electrolytic Capacitor Selection
Description: The electrolytic capacitor has a relatively large volume, large series resistance, large inductance, and sensitivity to temperature. It is suitable for occasions where the temperature changes little ...
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CopperECO - the Economical Solution for Transmitting High Currents During Standstill
From: Conductix-WampflerDescription: Conductix-Wampfler introduces innovative conductive material for conductor rails ...
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RSBS Series Single-phase Compressor Soft Starters
Description: Carlo Gavazzi has launched the RSBS series, a compact, single-phase soft-starter. The RSBS is designed for single-phase compressors and is an ideal solution in single phase voltage networks that are ...
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Amorphous vs Crystalline: The Best Technology For Your Application
From: PowerFilm, Inc.Description: In the age of portable electronics, companies need unique ways to power products that enhance value, lead to a great customer experience and make business sense. Often grid power is unavailable, and ...
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Calculating Your Power Budget
From: PowerFilm, Inc.Description: There are many considerations when calculating your power budget. ...
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Charge Controllers Limiting Your Losses
From: PowerFilm, Inc.Description: Often you might think about inexpensive batteries versus their elite counterpart, but many times we neglect the importance of a charge controller in the solar collection process. ...
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Comparing Solar Charge Controllers
From: PowerFilm, Inc.Description: Solar panels provide meaningful power at home, on the road and anywhere you need it. A complete solar solution includes the panel, a storage device which is usually a battery, and a charge controller ...
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Custom Solar Panel Options
From: PowerFilm, Inc.Description: In the solar industry, one size does not fit all. PowerFilm's unique technology and custom solar capabilities enable us to develop power solutions that match the requirements of an application ...
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Determining Voltage & Current
From: PowerFilm, Inc.Description: How can you determine voltage and current of a solar module? This is a pretty common question so let's dive right in. The voltage of a solar module is based on the number of cells in a module. ...
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Energy Harvesting Methods
From: PowerFilm, Inc.Description: In 2025 there are projected to be over 70 billion connected electronic devices worldwide. Every electronic device needs power to operate which usually comes in the form of a battery. Batteries are ...
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How Does Partial Shade Affect Solar Panels?
From: PowerFilm, Inc.Description: Solar panels love the sun. They perform best when they're in it and angled appropriately, but what happens when these ideal conditions aren't achievable? What happens to a solar panel when it's ...
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How Does Temperature Affect Solar Panels?
From: PowerFilm, Inc.Description: Temperature, both hot and cold, are vital parts of determining how well a solar panel will operate and has to be accounted for when designing a solution. ...
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How To Choose The Best Solar Panel For Your Application
From: PowerFilm, Inc.Description: Over the years many different types of photovoltaics (PV) have been created, each possesses unique qualities, but one thing remains true, all applications aren't necessarily satisfied by the same ...
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How To Size A Solar Panel For Your Battery
From: PowerFilm, Inc.Description: How do you determine the power output required from a solar panel to recharge a battery based on current load? This is a great question and important when thinking about what solar panel to select ...
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How To Use Our Custom Solar Panel Design Tool
From: PowerFilm, Inc.Description: PowerFilm has been providing custom solar solutions in the IoT, military, and commercial spaces for over 30 years. But what does that mean? Due to the many parameters and complexity of our process, ...
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Indoor Solar: Powering A Bluetooth Beacon
From: PowerFilm, Inc.Description: Beacons don't waste power maintaining a connection, are one of the lowest power wireless protocols available and ideal candidates for indoor solar. ...
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Indoor Solar: Powering A Bluetooth Door Lock
From: PowerFilm, Inc.Description: Solar isn't just for rooftops with direct sunlight anymore, many electronics can be powered using solar in shady and even indoor conditions. ...
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Indoor Solar: Powering Higher Draw Devices
From: PowerFilm, Inc.Description: In some cases, devices may require more power than a reasonably sized solar panel can produce. If the device doesn't need to run continuously, a solar solution is usually still possible. ...
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IoT Solutions For All Industries
From: PowerFilm, Inc.Description: The Internet of Things (IoT) industry isn't slowing down any time soon. It's picking up pace. More devices than ever before are simplifying our everyday life, tracking cargo, assisting in logistics, ...
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Misunderstandings in the Use of Capacitors
Description: Many people tend to use large-capacity capacitors in the replacement of capacitors. We know that although the larger the capacitance, the stronger the current compensation capability provided by the ...
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New Energy Harvesting Solar Development Kit with e-peas PMIC and CAP-XX Supercapacitors
From: PowerFilm, Inc.Description: An effective solar energy harvesting solution requires more than just a solar panel. We have partnered with e-peas, an energy harvesting PMIC solution provider, and thin prismatic supercapacitor ...
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Outdoor vs Indoor Solar: The Key Differences
From: PowerFilm, Inc.Description: Can I use my solar panel indoors? We get that question a lot at PowerFilm. The answer isn't as cut and dry as you might think. To our eyes, indoor environments seem pretty bright. That's only ...
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Owning The Process
From: PowerFilm, Inc.Description: What does it mean to truly own something? To control the ins and outs of a process until you are almost one with it? To ensure things fit, perform and make sense? ...
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Power Supplies vs Solar Panels
From: PowerFilm, Inc.Description: When people think of a power supply they typically think of a device that will put out a constant voltage and supply current to a device as necessary. A solar panel, on the other hand, will vary its ...
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PowerFilm Extreme Durability Test
From: PowerFilm, Inc.Description: While it is important to take care of things, do you ever feel like putting something to the ultimate test? I do. "Let's see what kind of damage this thing can take and still function," I say to ...
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Prototyping With Solar Energy Harvesting
From: PowerFilm, Inc.Description: "Energy Harvesting." This buzz word sounds straightforward, but what does it actually mean? Where does this energy come from, and how do you "harvest" it? Is it useful for real-life solutions? How ...
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Seasonality of Solar
From: PowerFilm, Inc.Description: You might have wondered, how do shorter days affect solar? Well, as I'm sure you can imagine, they don't produce as much energy. Many environmental factors affect the amount of light your panels ...
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Solar Cell Efficiency
From: PowerFilm, Inc.Description: What exactly does solar cell efficiency mean? If you've spent any time in the solar industry you understand that one of the first questions out of a person's mouth when it comes to solar technology ...
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Solar Doesn't Have To Be Scary
From: PowerFilm, Inc.Description: To many, solar isn't just confusing; it's downright scary. There are so many factors to think through, so many variables to consider. It would be enough to make anyone frightful. Luckily, that's ...
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Solar Intensity: Looks Can Be Deceiving
From: PowerFilm, Inc.Description: It looks bright, why doesn't my solar panel produce more power? This is a fantastic question and one that we get a lot. The root of this issue is actually our eyes. ...
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Solar Panel Encapsulation: Why It Matters
From: PowerFilm, Inc.Description: Lamination affects every single thing you tested and is an incredibly important piece of the solar-build puzzle -- one that is often neglected or not understood entirely. It is a balancing act in ...
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Solar Power For Commercial IoT
From: PowerFilm, Inc.Description: As the IoT industry rapidly expands into commercial, consumer, and industrial spaces, new and innovative ways to power the increasing number of connected devices are needed to ensure sustainability, ...
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Solar Power For Consumer IoT
From: PowerFilm, Inc.Description: In the consumer world, convenience is king. Consumers want devices and systems that are easy to use and dependable. The best consumer IoT solutions are those that people can set up and forget about. ...
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Solar Power For Industrial IoT
From: PowerFilm, Inc.Description: Like commercial businesses, companies in the industrial space are also driven by cost saving. Although they can benefit from building automation and asset management systems just like commercial ...
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Solar Powered Asset Tracking
From: PowerFilm, Inc.Description: In today's hyper-competitive landscape, businesses are looking for any way possible to get more out of less. Modern technology gives businesses the tools they need to make smart, data-driven ...
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Solar Powering Your IoT Devices
From: PowerFilm, Inc.Description: It seems that everywhere you go these days people are talking about IoT. Whether it's smart light bulbs that respond to your voice or sensors that transmit data, these devices are everywhere. While ...
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The Triple Test
From: PowerFilm, Inc.Description: At PowerFilm we take great pride in our products and quality is of the utmost importance. To ensure quality at a reasonable price, periodic tests are performed throughout the manufacturing process. ...
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Top Three Solar Myths
From: PowerFilm, Inc.Description: Today we are going to address solar's most famous myths, why they are so attractive and the truth behind them. ...
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When To Use A Charge Controller
From: PowerFilm, Inc.Description: When do I need a charge controller to charge a battery with a solar panel? This is a very common question and one that is absolutely crucial. In most cases you will need some type of a charge ...
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Which Battery Chemistry Is Best?
From: PowerFilm, Inc.Description: Batteries are everywhere. They're in a seemingly endless number of devices we use from cell phones, remotes, Bluetooth speakers, GoPro cameras and everything in between. While batteries are nothing ...
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Which IoT Radio Is Best?
From: PowerFilm, Inc.Description: The world of IoT is rapidly developing and changing. Since the industry itself is still in its infancy, there are many options for radios and varying standards for different IoT segments. When ...
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Which Portable Solar Technology Is Best?
From: PowerFilm, Inc.Description: When you think of solar panels you might picture large expansive solar fields or an array of solar panels installed on a home near where you live. While "solar farms" and building-integrated solar ...
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Whole Cells vs Cut Cells: What's The Difference?
From: PowerFilm, Inc.Description: There are incredibly inexpensive options that are attractive at first blush, but when you dig deeper the quality of these panels and their assembly process leave much to be desired. ...
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Why does a Capacitor Breakdown
Description: The electric field strength of the dielectric of the capacitor has a certain limit. When the bound charge breaks away from the bondage of atoms or molecules and participates in conduction, the ...
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Will A Solar Panel Work Behind Glass?
From: PowerFilm, Inc.Description: Through the years we have fielded almost every solar related question you can imagine. One that consistently comes up is the possibility of collecting solar energy through glass. Let's explore if ...
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Your Power Budget
From: PowerFilm, Inc.Description: Taking a product "off grid" and having the piece of mind that it will continue to work year after year at the highest level is no simple task. Understanding the power budget of your system is a ...
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How to Choose the Right Battery Cable
From: Waytek, Inc.Description: The battery cable is among the most important components in a battery management system. High quality battery cables will help ensure you have power and avoid battery drain-but only if they are ...
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Keeping Cool with ÖLFLEX® CONNECT
From: LAPPDescription: When a major North American heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) solution provider began designing a new cooling system for a social media company's large data centers, they contacted ...
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Preventative Maintenance Helps Maximize Factory Up-time
From: LAPPDescription: Although system designers have expertise about their automated applications, most do not have technical knowledge of continuous flexing cables. This lack of cable expertise, combined with a lack of ...
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Benefits of Single Cell Solar Designs
From: PowerFilm, Inc.Description: Solar panels are typically made up of many cells connected in series, which increase the output voltage of the panel. Multiple cells used to be a requirement when circuitry could not run on low ...
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Solar Solutions For Transportation Part 2: Telematics
From: PowerFilm, Inc.Description: Telematics is a growing field in the industry allowing fleet managers and dedicated telematics solution providers to dramatically improve fleet operations, increase efficiency, and reduce costs. What ...
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Solar Solutions for Transportation Part 3: Battery Maintenance
From: PowerFilm, Inc.Description: Commercial vehicles and trailers have a surprising number of batteries to power auxiliary systems including APU (Auxiliary Power Units) battery banks, the truck battery itself, and liftgate batteries. ...
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"Sealed Maintenance-Free" Batteries. What a Myth!
Description: The term "Sealed Maintenance-Free," in my opinion, is a marketing-driven term. In the early 1980's, when telephone Private Branch Exchanges (PBX's) were being deployed into customer premises, computer ...
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Codes, Standards, Practices and Guides: An Overview
Description: There are a myriad of codes, standards, guides and practices associated with lead-acid and nickel cadmium stationary batteries. A former colleague of mine and a code expert, used to say that, "the ...
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Solar Energy Harvesting vs Coin Cell Battery: Which is Better?
From: PowerFilm, Inc.Description: Many microcontrollers, sensors, and reference designs are built around coin cell batteries, making designing with them very easy. Since they are so popular, mass production has also made them very ...
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Do IoT Devices Really Need Batteries?
From: PowerFilm, Inc.Description: With millions of sensors, beacons, trackers, nodes, and devices, the Internet of Things (IoT) is expanding into every nook and cranny of the modern world. What do all these devices have in common? ...
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Fiber Brush Slip Ring Technology
Description: As the analog world gives way to the digital in more and more applications, design engineers are faced with replacing traditional analog components with their digital equivalents. Nowhere is this more ...
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How to Specify a Slip Ring
Description: This section is designed to guide you through the process of specifying a slip ring. We've outlined below the major considerations that a slip ring engineer will need to know about your application. ...
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Solar Solutions For Transportation Part 1: Refrigeration
From: PowerFilm, Inc.Description: In the transportation industry, the name of the game is efficiency. Efficiency for drivers in delivering products on time and intact. Efficiency for fleet managers ensuring their trucks operate on a ...
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What is the Staebler-Wronski Effect?
From: PowerFilm, Inc.Description: Discovered by researchers David L. Staebler and Christopher R. Wronski in 1977, the Staebler-Wronski effect occurs naturally in amorphous silicon manifesting itself primarily as a change in ...
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Guide to Banana Plugs
Description: A banana plug is considered a male connector and is called a banana because of its unique contact tip. ...
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Power Protection at the Edge: How Industrial Batteries are Evolving
Description: With Li-ion technilogy at their core, m UPSs are evolving in many other ways to optimize reliability at the edge. ...
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What Makes a Wireless Protocol Low Power?
From: PowerFilm, Inc.Description: Wireless devices constitute a large and growing portion of electronics. The importance of reducing the power consumption of these devices can't be overstated. Meeting the power needs of ...
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Control Panel Designs with Membrane Switches
From: SCHURTER IncDescription: The membrane switch is a control panel that has proven itself over the years as a very reliable solution for, among other things, standalone applications. Membrane switches are also used in ...
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Have the Mechanical Switches Had Their Day?
From: SCHURTER IncDescription: We have known and used mechanical switches and push buttons since childhood. A clear pressure point, a saturated clicking sound when actuated. Are there other ways? ...
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How to Diagnose EMC? (Part 02)
Description: 1. What is "EMC"? Electro Magnetic Compatibility (EMC) is defined as the ability of devices and systems to operate in their electromagnetic environment without impairing their functions and without ...
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Safe Charging at Home
From: SCHURTER IncDescription: Lithium-ion battery packs are used in billions of applications from cars to the latest cell phones. Care taken during the charging process of the battery pack can extend battery life and safety. ...
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Custom vs. Off-the-Shelf Solutions: Are You Dreaming Big Enough?
From: Mad City Labs, Inc.Description: When looking for a positioning solution, customers often skip directly to an off-the-shelf option, believing it will always be the most cost-effective and expedient approach. However, the reality of ...
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How to Diagnose EMC? (Part 02)
Description: 1. What is "EMC"? Electro Magnetic Compatibility (EMC) is defined as the ability of devices and systems to operate in their electromagnetic environment without impairing their functions and without ...
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Compressed Air Meter from ifm in Ventilator
Description: The compressed air meter SD0550 from ifm is integrated into a ventilator from Ampcontrol. The device was designed in response to the COVID-19 crisis and implements the functionality of an ICU invasive ...
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ifm Spotted: O3M Proves Useful for Hydroelectric Power Plant
Description: 3D cameras of the O3M series which support the hydroelectric power plant operation in various places were discovered at the Lake Baldeney. ...
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Docking Box Solution Enhances System Flexibility
Description: Temporary connection boxes, also known as docking stations, are a preferred method that facility managers can utilize to comply with NEC 2017 provisions for LRSS and to enhance the overall system ...
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Icarus Wasn't Even Close
Description: How PI's Piezo Steering Mirror Technology is Helping ESA and NASA Unlock the Sun's Secret ...
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Nanopositioning Stages with Piezo Drives and Flexures: Frequently Asked Questions
Description: Piezo Stage FAQs ...
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Piezoelectric Transducers for Ventilators and Nebulizers
Description: Piezoelectric transducers are at the heart of many a medical apparatus. Chronic respiratory diseases like mucoviscidosis, asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) but also bronchitis, ...
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Point-Cloud Surface Reconstruction: What 3D Laser Manufacturing and Lidar Measurements have in Common
Description: How PI supports Additive Manufacturing and Laser Materials Processing Applications ...
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Reliable Piezo Motion Devices for Industrial and Space Applications
Description: 100 Billion Cycles - Can an Actuator be Designed to Provide this Kind of Reliability? ...
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Smart Vaccine Patch Production with Piezo Elements
Description: Administering vaccinations is a vital prevention of viral or bacterial infections. The topic was already studied in early Asian cultures and finally experienced its breakthrough in the 19th century ...
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Ultrasonic Metering in Intensive Care Devices
Description: Piezo technology offers various possibilities to improve them: Using piezo transducers, for example, makes intensive care devices such as infusion systems smarter and facilitates vital patient ...
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What is a Difference between a Gantry System and a Split-Bridge?
Description: Gantry motion systems and split bridge motion systems are often used in industrial production, testing, and additive manufacturing. A gantry usually consists of a base plate (often granite) and two ...