Electrical and Electronic Test Equipment Reference Materials

Description: Testing a solar inverter isn't just about efficiency numbers. You need to replicate the nonlinear, ever-changing output of a real PV array, challenge MPPT algorithms under dynamic shading, and prove ...

Description: In vibration testing, engineers commonly focus on shaker hardware specifications such as force rating, frequency range, and payload capacity. This article argues that the vibration controller is ...

Description: This technical paper explores how integrated and embedded vector network analyzer (VNA) solutions are transforming from traditional RF test instruments into intelligent sensing platforms. The article ...

Description: This article explains how engineers can choose between analog modulation, pulse operation, and sweep functions by matching RF signal behavior to the real test workflow. ...

Description: This guide covers key criteria for selecting programmable DC power supplies for ATE automated test systems. It compares benchtop and rack-mount power units, analyzes critical specs including ...

Description: This article explains how engineers can improve RF signal generator amplitude accuracy at the DUT plane through calibration workflow, cable loss correction, mismatch control, and verification checks. ...

Description: With the rapid advancement of high-speed electronic systems, accurate high-frequency signal measurement has become essential for ensuring system reliability and performance. While modern digital ...

Description: As display interfaces push beyond 18 Gbps, the limitations of legacy HDMI TMDS signaling have become structural rather than incremental. HDMI 2.2's Fixed Rate Link (FRL) and mandatory link training ...

Description: This article explains how engineers should evaluate RF signal generator output level accuracy by checking frequency range, DUT-plane power, ALC state, and test workflow. ...

Description: This article explains how engineers should evaluate RF signal generator spurious performance by checking harmonics, sub-harmonics, non-harmonic spurs, and real test workflow. ...

Description: During Rapid Temperature Cycling (RTC) tests for electronics and automotive components, chambers shift drastically from low to high extremes (e.g., -40°C to high temperatures). Because of thermal ...

Description: This article explains how engineers should evaluate phase noise in RF signal generators by checking carrier frequency, offset range, reference quality, and real RF test workflow. ...

Description: In the realm of Environmental Stress Screening (ESS) and reliability testing, the "Rapid Temperature Change" chamber is a critical tool. However, when specifying requirements for industries like ...

Description: In precision thermal processing—such as semiconductor curing, aerospace composite bonding, and pharmaceutical sterilization—mainta ining strict temperature uniformity is critical. This ...

Description: Lithium battery formation has long wasted 0.3-0.5 GWh of electricity as heat per GWh of capacity via resistive discharge, incurring dual costs for wasted power and extra cooling. This article presents ...

Description: Frequency range selection in RF signal generators is application-dependent. The right choice depends on DUT range, workflow, and future frequency margin. This article outlines how engineers typically ...

Description: What is the purpose of semiconductor testing? ...

Description: Detailed breakdown of international explosion-proof standards (IEC 60079, ATEX, NEC/UL), protection methods (Ex d/e/i/p/m), equipment classification (Groups I/II/III), temperature ratings (T1-T6), ...

Description: This article examines the critical function of Needle Test Adapters (often referred to as bed-of-nails fixtures) within the printed circuit board (PCB) manufacturing and quality assurance ecosystem. ...

Description: Examine static, dynamic, boundary scan, and environmental functional testing methods to ensure PCBA electrical integrity, operational accuracy, regulatory compliance, and early defect detection in ...

Description: Aircraft today rely on extensive and interdependent electrical networks. Copper bird testing helps to validate under real-world conditions and to certificate. The future of flight is electric. But to ...

Description: A battery cycler is a precision instrument that executes controlled battery cycling (charge/discharge) to quantify capacity, efficiency, internal resistance/impedance , and derive SoC/SoH. Modern ...

Description: A battery simulator (or battery emulator) is a programmable source/sink that reproduces battery voltage, current, and internal resistance/ESR so you can test devices and BMS under realistic SoC/SoH ...

Description: Electric vehicles are entering a new era of performance, driven by architectures that push beyond the traditional 400 V standard to 800 V-and even 1500 V in specialized applications. These higher ...

Description: High-energy lithium battery testing involves inherent risks associated with thermal runaway, flammable gas release, and rapid energy discharge. A robust safety design must therefore be engineered as a ...

Description: This testing program applies to lithium metal cells and batteries as well as lithium-ion cells and batteries, ensuring full compliance with international transportation safety and reliability ...

Description: Early-life defects often bypass standard QC. This article explains how ESS test chambers use accelerated thermal and stress cycling to reveal latent failures in electronic and mechanical assemblies. ...

Description: This article introduces bidirectional AC-DC converters, which recover energy released during testing and feed it back to the grid, significantly reducing energy consumption and operating costs. Key ...

Description: The 1U Programmable DC Power Supply delivers high power density and lab-grade performance for compact ATE racks, industrial control, and R&D. It maximizes rack space, enabling multiple independent ...

Description: Automotive exhaust systems operate in a complex environment where thermal and mechanical loads act simultaneously. A thermal-vibration test platform enables accurate reproduction of these conditions, ...

Description: When experiments demand a precisely defined magnetic environment, researchers turn to the Helmholtz coil—one of the most elegant solutions in electromagnetic engineering. This device generates a ...

Description: Cats are a widely raised pet. Most species have soft fur, which makes people quite fond of them.So, what information can we obtain from SEM images of cat hair? With questions in mind, we collected ...

Description: There are some important changes coming to the 2026 version of the National Electrical Code (NFPA 70), and one of our experts shares them in our blog. ...

Description: The Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectrometer can provide solutions for studying the mechanisms of reactive species, pollutant degradation pathways, and active sites of catalysts involved in water ...

Description: The equipment required to simulate the rigors of launch and operational use in deep space, however, requires significant investment in facilities and highly skilled labor that most companies do not ...

Description: Global Internet traffic is growing exponentially due to the expansion of cloud services, IoT, and chat and image production services using generative AI. Most Internet traffic is routed through the ...

Description: Engineers and technicians involved in modern RF or microwave communications have various measuring instruments at their disposal, each designed for specific tasks. Key instruments include ...

Description: In the fast-paced realm of RF circuit design, maintaining a competitive edge necessitates tools that not only meet stringent precision standards but also streamline the research and development ...

Description: The oscilloscope has become an indispensable ally in the dynamic landscape of electrical design and troubleshooting. ...

Description: In the realm of electrical engineering education, creating a well-equipped and functional test bench is crucial for fostering a deep understanding of fundamental concepts and practical applications. ...

Description: Mastering the use of waveform generators will significantly improve your ability to design, test, and optimize electronic systems ...

Description: The Importance of Accurate Measurements ...

Description: Functionality of Mixed Signal Oscilloscopes ...

Description: Proper electric motor preventive maintenance is crucial for ensuring the longevity and optimal performance of your electric motors. By taking a proactive approach, you can avoid costly breakdowns, ...

Description: Electric motors are the backbone of many manufacturing and processing operations around the world. Keeping these motors in good condition and running efficiently should be the number one priority of ...

Description: When an electric motor fails to start, runs intermittently, runs hot, or continually trips its overcurrent device, there my be a variety of causes, however many technicians and repairmen tend to ...

Description: FEMTO's new DLPVA-101-B, -F and -BLN models offer sensitive voltage amplifiers for even more precise measurement of small voltage signals. ...

Description: Frequently, when a process has a high inertial load, a six lead motor will be used as it can be connected in a WYE configuration while starting to limit current, and then switched to a DELTA ...

Description: Voltage unbalance degrades the performance and shortens the life of a three-phase motor. Voltage unbalance at the motor terminals can cause current unbalance that is far out of proportion to the ...

Description: Electrical Signature Analysis (ESA) is an on-line test method where voltage and current waveforms are captured while the motor system is running and then, via a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), a ...

Description: A major automotive manufacturer, located in North America with four manufacturing plants, utilizes MCA™ (Motor Circuit Analysis™) to keep their operations running. ...

Description: A work order was issued by a Waste Water Treatment Plant Technician requesting electrical support due to a failed floating agitator. The breaker had tripped and the mixer is a necessary asset in the ...

Description: Regarding electric motor testing, polarization index (PI) is a measure of how much the insulation system resistance improves (or degrades) over time. While the PI Test has been considered the primary ...

Description: This document describes a guideline for evaluating rotating equipment armature and field windings, rated from 1 horsepower (746 Watts) or greater, for winding shorts, phase unbalances and rotor bars. ...

Description: A di-electric material is a material which is a poor conductor of electricity but an efficient supporter of an electrostatic field. When an electrical insulating material is subjected to an ...

Description: One nuclear power generating facility, located in the Northeastern United States, relies on four vertical service water pumps to feed water to a heat exchanger which cools the sealed ultrapure ...

Description: Electrical Signature Analysis (ESA) is a predictive maintenance (PdM) technology that uses the motor’s supply voltage and operating current to identify existing and developing faults in the ...

Description: After working for over 32 years in Electrified Vehicle technology, I have experienced most areas in the automotive development and engineering space. These experiences have transitioned from service ...

Description: This article reviews the advantages and disadvantages of flux-concentrated transverse flux permanent magnet machines. It also discusses the advantages and disadvantages of the various topologies for ...

Description: It is well known that rotating machinery exhibit specific characteristics when faults cause the geometric centerline of the shaft to periodically move. For more than 70 years, Machinery Vibration ...

Description: Electrical Signature Analysis (ESA) is a predictive maintenance (PdM) technology that uses the motor's supply voltage and operating current to identify existing and developing faults in the entire ...

Description: A motor distributor in the Netherlands provided a 17 Kilowatt, 400-Volt motor to a local hospital in 2015. The hospital rented a portable crane to install the motor onto the roof of the building. The ...

Description: A 398 KW MV motor that runs a blower fan in a cement plant was showing strange behavior. The vibration equipment indicated vibration amplitudes that became chronic with the passage of time. The ...

Description: Ethanol has been a clean-burning fuel used in the United States since the 1850s. Ford’s Model T automobile was designed to run on ethanol, and while ethanol was banned during the Prohibition ...

Description: Easy Tool is an Italian Condition Monitoring Solutions Provider with service and support representatives in Italy. Easy Tool, located in the town of Fabriano, in the province of Ancona, represents ...

Description: One of the consumer goods categories with the greatest rate of growth is wearables, which heavily rely on electronics miniaturization. Customers are becoming more and more reliant on smartphones and ...

Description: How to choose the correct EMC test antenna based upon the requirements of the standard. A simple guide to determining the correct choice of antenna to match the test required. ...

Description: The control units onto auto numbers a lot, the communication between these units works through CAN field-bus. ...

Description: Plastronics, a Smiths Interconnect technology brand, is a global provider of innovation for semiconductor reliability testing, meeting the industry’s burn-in socket needs for more than 40 years. ...

Description: The oscilloscope is the equal of the engineer's eyes, It can transform electrical signals that are invisible to the eyes into a visible waveform, using the oscilloscope can observe various signal ...

Description: Semiconductor ASICs and standard products are subjected to manufacturing obsolescence, and as such there is a need to create a form, fit, and functionally equivalent device. ...

Description: The "Rochester Engineering Driven Test Approach" assures that the proper test coverage is implemented for all IC components tested at our corporate test facility, regardless of product functionality, ...

Description: MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) systems are used to obtain a clear view of structures inside the body, non-invasively through applying the principal of nuclear magnetic resonance within a powerful ...

Description: Autoclave sterilization of mechanical surgical and dental instruments used in invasive procedures is well known and has been used for many decades to assure the equipment is free of dangerous ...

Description: Contemporary microprocessors or graphics processors can hold more than 50 billion transistors on them, with a failure rate of just shy of one in a billion. To achieve such levels of reliability in ...

Description: The objective of this activity is to brush up on your existing knowledge about Kirchhoff’s laws and expand on that knowledge by showing how they can be applied in resistor circuits. A secondary ...

Description: Every electric wire in your plant - whether it's in a motor, generator, cable, switch, transformer, etc. - is carefully covered with some form of electrical insulation. ...

Description: At the Jožef Stefan Institute TRIGA research reactor, we employed a RedPitaya board to perform Cherenkov light intensity measurements in reactor pulse operation mode in the framework of a ...

Description: With the continued global growth of electric vehicles, a new opportunity for the battery manufacturers is emerging: developing EV batteries that could exceed 200 gigawatt-hours by 2030. Yet while ...

Description: Anyone who makes their living by working with electricity quickly develops a healthy respect for anything with even a remote chance of being "live." Yet the pressures of the getting a job done on time ...

Description: Where safety is a concern, choosing an electrical tester is like choosing a motorcycle helmet–if you have a “ten-dol- lar” head, choose a “ten-dollar” helmet. If you ...

Description: With the continued global growth of electric vehicles, a new opportunity for the battery manufacturers is emerging: developing EV batteries that could exceed 200 gigawatt-hours by 2030. Yet while ...

Description: Aerospace and defense agencies, spectrum regulators, mobile network operators, R&D organizations and silicon vendors have already made considerable investments in spectrum analysis solutions for ...

Description: This application note describes the integration of TMYTEK UD Box 5G up/down-converter with the thinkRF R5500 real-time spectrum analyzer, which will demonstrate the ability, to use existing sub-6 GHz ...

Description: This article will first highlight some of the most important changes happening in the manufacturing industry before showing how the rise of wireless communications technology is increasing complexity. ...

Description: Frequency Response Analyzers are often used to measure power system feedback loop response, impedance vs frequency of source - load impedances, and of passive components. They can also be used to ...

Description: In this blog post, we will look at the power stage characteristics of the voltage mode boost and buck-boost converters operating in continuous conduction mode (CCM) as we did for the buck converter in ...

Description: Both the X100W mini-hook and XM micro-hook style connectors are available in high temperature test hook models. When environments or sterilization processes require products to withstand high ...

Description: The oscilloscope is a type of electronic measuring instruments which can achieve a variety of object measurement. Then with what kind of structural components enable the general oscilloscope to ...

Description: Alligator clips, also referred to as crocodile clips in Europe, are spring metal electrical clips with long, serrated jaws. The primary use of alligator clips is to establish temporary electrical ...

Description: Advantages of utilizing 4-electrold (Kelvin-type) point test instrumentation when testing voltage and current. ...

Description: When I first started work at Venable Industries, as it was called back then, Dean Venable encouraged me to attend Dr. Middlebrook's Structured Analog Design Course at company expense. Although I wish ...

Description: A voltmeter is a widely used instrument in the electrical industry, utilized to measure voltages at various circuit points mainly in order to troubleshoot a problem. As the modern industry continues ...

Description: Use tablet oscilloscope to measure air damper sensor. The air damper sensor transmits the signal of the air damper's opening position and level to ECU, with which, ECU gives demand to allocate the ...

Description: Lab-Tools has integrated a Red Pitaya unit into their Mk3 NMR Relaxation Spectrometer, since this Swiss Army Knife among FPGAs has always shown outstanding characteristics in RF signal generation and ...

Description: Renowned among display makers, consumers, and media for its scientific device benchmarking protocols and quality index-the DXOMARK score-DXOMARK has revolutionized test methods to evaluate device ...

Description: A general overview of test hook features and construction ...

Description: Current mode control is one of the significant topologies in power electronics. This white paper details the principle of current mode control, how it is supposed to work, what topologies come closest ...

Description: Distributed power systems can oscillate, especially when driving one power supply with another power supply. The input and output impedances of a power supply can predict this oscillation. Download ...

Description: When discussing the stability of a power supply (or any system with negative feedback), we usually evaluate the phase margin as the primary indicator. Naturally, the question arises "How much phase ...