Introduction

The ultimate objective of planning is to determine a particular course of action. Although the policy that develops from planning embodies a particular course of action, planning proposals are often controversial in that they may offend one or more sections of the community. Hence, in the last analysis, planning policies are the prerogatives of government since legislation is necessary to put them into effect.

Land-use planning represents an attempt to resolve conflicts between the need to utilize land and at the same time to protect the environment. Hence, planners have to assess the advantages, disadvantages, costs and benefits of development. In the first instance, land-use planning involves the collection and evaluation of relevant data from which plans can be formulated. The policies that result also have to take account of economic, sociological and political influences. As far as geology is concerned, sufficient data should be provided to planners and engineers so that, ideally, they can develop the environment in harmony with nature. Geological information is required at all levels of planning and development from the initial identification of a social need to the construction stage. Even after construction, further involvement may be necessary in the form of advice on hazard monitoring, maintenance or remedial works.

Over recent years, public concern regarding the alteration and degradation of the environment has caused governmental and planning authorities to become more aware of the adverse effects of indiscriminate development. As a result, laws have been passed to help protect the environment from spoilation.