Ludwig's Applied Process Design for Chemical and Petrochemical Plants, Volume 1, Fourth Edition

Appendix G: Analytical Techniques

G.1 USEFUL INTEGRALS




























USEFUL WEBSITES

  • http://www.integrals.com

  • http://integrals.wolfram.com

G.2 LIEBNITZ'S RULE HIGHER DERIVATIVES OF PRODUCTS


where

differential operator

are binomial coefficients.

EXAMPLE


G.3 DEFINITION OF A DERIVATIVE


G.4 PRODUCT RULE


G.5 QUOTIENT RULE



G.6 EXPONENTIAL/LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS




G.7 TAYLOR'S AND MACLAURIN'S SERIES TAYLOR'S SERIES



when h = 0


Substituting into the expansion for Taylor'S expression


and re-arranging gives the following.


MACLAURIN'S SERIES

Maclaurin's series is a special case of Taylor's series. If x = 0 and h is replaced by x, then Taylor's expansion becomes


G.8 DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS

SEPARATION OF VARIABLES


Solve by direct integration


EXAMPLE CONTINUOUS FLOW STIRRED TANK REACTOR

u = flow rate, L/s

V R = volume of tank, L

C O = inlet concentration, g/L

C = tank and outlet concentration, g/L

T = time, s.

Determine C as a function of time.

Step 1 A mass balance on tank

Mass in Mass out = Accumulation in tank


Step 2 Separate C and t and integrate



or



Step 3 Determine A using the boundary condition

t = 0, C = C i, therefore A = C i ? C O

Step 4. The final solution is


or


VARIABLE SEPARABLE


or


in which F(x) is a function of x only, and f(y) a function of y only.

The general solution is


EXAMPLE

Solve the differential


dividing by xy,




where the constant C1 = ln C


giving


The factor 1/xy used to multiply throughout to separate the variables xy is called an...

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