TABLE OF CONTENTS This appendix presents a review of reservoir engineering aspects of waterflooding [1], [2] as follows:
Immiscible Displacement Theory
Flood Pattern
Reservoir Heterogeneity
Recovery Efficiency
Injection Rates
[1]Craig, F. F., Jr. "The Reservoir Engineering Aspects of Water-flooding," SPE Monograph 3, Richardson, TX (1971).
[2]Satter, A. S. and G. C. Thakur. "Integrated Petroleum Reservoir Management: A Team Approach," PennWell Books, Tulsa, OK (1994).
Darcy's law as shown below is the basic equation to describe the flow of fluids through porous media:
where:
A = the cross-sectional area of rock and pore, in the direction of flow, cm 2
dp / ds = pressure gradient along the direction of flow, atm/cm
dz / ds = gradient in the vertical direction
g = acceleration due to gravity, cm/sec 2 (= 980.7 cm/sec 2)
k = permeability, darcies
? = viscosity of flowing fluid, centipoise (cp)
? = density of the flowing fluid, g/cm 3
q = flow of fluid, cm 3/sec
Displacement of oil from a porous medium by immiscible water can be described by the fractional flow equation, and the frontal advance theory. [3], [4]
Applying Darcy's law separately to oil and water flows, and considering viscous, gravitational, and capillary effects, the fractional flow equation of water displacing oil in practical units is:
where:
A = area, sq. ft.
f w = fraction of water flowing
k =...
