Mechanical Efficiency of Heat Engines

Appendix B: An Ultra Low Temperature Differential Stirling Engine

OVERVIEW

Although the analysis presented in Chapter 7 is highly idealized, it is quite appropriate for providing some insight into the geometrical requirements of the ultra low temperature differential Stirling engine illustrated in Figures B.1 B.3. Nicknamed the P-19, this engine has proven itself capable of operating down to a temperature difference of just 0.5 C (less than 1 F) between its warm and cool sides. The P-19 was the first to run from heat absorbed while resting on the palm of a human hand. The P-19 was first publicly demonstrated at the 25th Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference held in Reno, Nevada, in August 1990.


Figure B.1: A photograph of the ultra low temperature differential engine P-19 showing the power cylinder unit mounted on the top of the large flat displacer chamber.

Figure B.2: The P-19 engine is shown here operating on the slight cooling effect provided by a cold drink placed on its top plate.

Figure B.3: This scale drawing of the P-19 shows the displacer drive system. The weight of the displacer is counterbalanced by a lever pivoted on ball bearings. The displacer is driven through a bell crank arm attached to this lever. Dwell periods at the ends of the displacer stroke are produced by the loop in the connecting link for a lost motion effect.

BACKGROUND

A low temperature differential (LTD) Stirling engine may be characterized as one that operates more or less optimally with a temperature difference of less than 100 C between its hot...

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