Work, mechanical

W

Nm

Force (force of pressure)

F

N

Drawing force

F _dr

N

Blank holder force

F _BH

N

Velocity

?

m/s, m/min

Strain rate

s ¹

Pressure

p

Pa, bar

Shear stress

?

N/mm ²

Tensile stress

R, ?

N/mm ²

Tensile strength

R _m

N/mm ²

Yield strength

R _e

N/mm ²

Elastic limit

N/mm ²

Elongation

?

m/m, %

Flow stress

k _str

N/mm ²

Flow stress before forming (cold forming)

N/mm ²

Flow stress after forming (cold forming)

N/mm ²

Resistance to flow

p _fl

N/mm ²

Deformation resistance

k _r

N/mm ²

Modulus of elasticity

E

N/mm ²

Density

?

t/m ³, kg/dm ³, g/cm ³

Blank length before forming

h ₀, l ₀

m, mm

Blank length after forming

h ₁, l ₁

m, mm

Area

A

m ², mm ²

Area before forming

A ₀

m ², mm ²

Area after forming

A ₁

m ², mm ²

Volume

V

m ³, mm ³

Forming temperature

T

K, C

Coefficient of friction

?

Efficiency

?

Deformation efficiency