 Applied Electromagnetics Using QuickField™ and MATLAB® is intended
as an introductory level textbook for teaching computer-based electricity,
magnetism and multiphysics. The text is easily accessible to advanced
undergraduates and beginning graduate students in physics and engineering.
Many exercises and demonstrations may be implemented using QuickField and
MATLAB in a traditional introductory level physics course. This second audience
will benefit from the visualization of electric and magnetic field distributions
and force calculations without a working knowledge of the finite element
method or potential theory.
QuickField is a window-based, Finite Element Method (FEM) software package that supports Electrostatics, DC and AC conduction, Magnetostatics, AC and Transient Magnetics, Steady State and Transient Heat Transfer and Stress Analysis problem types. Models are created in a ‘point-and-click’ CAD environment, where material properties and boundary conditions are assigned. Automatic mesh generation and post processing are fast and user-friendly. Solutions to most problems in the textbook can be displayed in a matter of seconds after the model has been created. The textbook is packaged with a companion CD with a student version of the software capable of solving all the problems in the text. Additional examples are included with the software. The student version of QuickField may also be downloaded from the Tera Analysis website at www.quickfield.com. The user’s guide and demonstration videos are also available on the website. Application-based examples in the text and on the website include the calculation of currents in biological tissue under electrical stimulation, superconducting magnetic shielding, magnetic levitation, electromagnetic nondestructive testing as well as the motion of charged particles in electric fields. Multiphysics applications include coupled stress, electromagnetic and thermal analysis. Students taking a course in electromagnetic theory usually concentrate mostly on analytical techniques, e.g., solving differential equations and boundary value problems. Unfortunately, students often come away with a limited understanding of how electromagnetic fields behave. Computer modeling serves to bridge this understanding gap in that it enables visualization of electric and magnetic fields and electrical currents and therefore builds an intuitive and qualitative understanding that is not readily gained in manipulating complex analytical expressions. Analytical methods developed in this text concentrate on separation of variables, conformal mapping, and Laplace transform techniques. Numerical finite difference and Monte Carlo methods are also introduced with examples in MATLAB. Comparison of numerical solutions with theory helps establish confidence in numerical methods and builds experience in establishing the reliability of computational results and the applicability of theoretical approximations. The book includes extensive problem sets that facilitate computer-based learning of electromagnetics and the application of QuickField and MATLAB illustrating some of the basic concepts in electromagnetic theory such as Gauss’ Law and Ampere’s Law. The exercises are designed to allow user selection of different parameters, dimensions, material properties, and initial conditions. Tables of physical properties and characteristic dimensions of engineering materials and biological materials in living cells and the human body are included in Appendices 4 and 5 for the reader’s convenience. The reader is encouraged to conform, modify, and extend these exercises according to his or her own interests. Chapter 1 introduces mathematical preliminaries and MATLAB concurrently with additional MATLAB examples in Appendix 1. The vector analysis component of Chapter 1 provides simple MATLAB examples calculating vector dot and cross products. The divergence, curl, gradient, and Laplacian are also calculated in different coordinate systems. The Laplace Transform introduced in Chapter 1 is used in chapters on transient magnetics, thermal analysis, stress analysis, and electrical circuit modeling. Analytical and computational methods of solving Laplace and Poisson’s equations are developed in Chapter 2. Readers wishing to jump directly into QuickField may begin with Chapter 3 “A Walk Through QuickField.” This chapter will get the reader started simulating simple electrostatic and magnetostatics problems in QuickField with step-by-step visual instructions for plotting electric and magnetic fields, creating contour graphs, and calculating integral values. Chapters 4 through 10 cover electrostatics, magnetostatics, time-harmonic magnetics, transient magnetics, superconductivity, alternating and direct current flow. Chapters 11 and 12 cover thermal and stress analysis and multiphysics examples with coupled heat transfer, stress and electromagnetic coupling. Applications include space capsule atmospheric reentry simulations that couple thermal and stress analysis as well as modeling the temperature distribution resulting from current flow in a fuel cell. The text concludes with Chapter 13 on passive electrical circuits. QuickField includes a CAD-based electrical circuit simulator that simulates circuits with AC or transient time dependence. Applications include filter circuits and equivalent circuit models of neurons and cells under electrical stimulations. |
TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter 8.1 - Superconductivity: Theoretical Background
In This Chapter
|
In 1911, Dutch physicist H. K. Onnes discovered superconductivity in mercury at a temperature of 4 K soon after he liquefied helium for the first time. Onnes was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on the properties of matter at low temperatures in 1913. Later, Fritz London developed a phenomenological theory of superconductivity in 1934 with his brother Heinz. The basic idea is that the electrons in a superconductor condense into a superfluid state characterized by a single rigid wavefunction ψ(r) = |ψ(r)|eiφ(r)also known as the order parameter. In 1950 Ginzburg and Landau generalized the London theory by introducing a complex, temperature-dependent order parameter. John Bardeen, Leon Cooper, and J. Robert Schrieffer reported the first microscopic theory of superconductivity in 1957 known as the BCS theory. The superconducting state is characterized by (1) zero electrical resistance to current below a material dependent transition temperature Tc, Electron spins become oppositely paired resulting in the formation of a spin-zero quasi particle, or Cooper pair, that may pass through the material unimpeded. Electrons in a superconductor condense into a superfluid-like state described by a single wave function
where Taking
because of rigidity of wave function. Modeling Superconductors Analytical modeling techniques can be applied to sufficiently simple superconducting geometries such as a sphere, cylinder, or a disk in uniform external magnetic fields. Modeling complex superconducting shapes in the presence of magnetic sources requires numerical solutions for an accurate determination of the field distribution, especially near the superconductor. In many cases, the problem of a magnetic source in the presence of a superconducting shell can be reduced to a two-dimensional problem having planar or axial symmetry. In carrying out simulations in this chapter, the magnetostatics problem type is initially specified along with the designated x-y or r-z symmetry. Superconductors can also be modeled in Transient and Time-harmonic Magnetics in QuickField using boundary conditions on the vector potential or by assigning zero permeability. |
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is the phase of the superconducting wave function. The resistance tree current inside a superconductor is described by-6.jpg)
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are the electronic charge and mass, respectively.-8.jpg)
the supercurrent to be the density of superconducting electron pairs np equal to twice the electron carrier density ns the supercurrent-11.jpg)
