Sensors, Transducers and Detectors Reference Materials
Technical Articles
Reference Articles 1901 - 2000 of 3096
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A Cloud Sensor Measuring More Than Just Clouds: The CHM 15k
From: LufftUSADescription: Atmospheric and non-atmospheric parameters in the air space challenge researchers, weather services and airports. Although these applications pursue different targets, there's one sensor system, ...
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Experience Meets Precision: Columbia Weather Systems
From: LufftUSADescription: Columbia Weather Systems specializes in industrial-grade weather stations for professional weather monitoring. Their weather stations integrate meteorological sensors and monitoring options that serve ...
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Nor-Cal Controls Tahoe Met Station Simplifies Data Gathering
From: LufftUSADescription: New solar PV farm projects require the use of meteorological (MET) weather stations to achieve and maintain efficiencies critical to power and revenue generation. Nor-Cal Controls ES, Inc. has ...
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PPE Count on Lufft weather Sensors for PV Monitoring
From: LufftUSADescription: Pacific Power Engineers, Inc. (PPE) was formed by experienced engineers from different branches and offers a range of services e.g. in project management. Together with Lufft USA we provide ...
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Special Test Drive: The Highlight of the Last MARWIS Tour
From: LufftUSADescription: Last winter, I was one of three salesmen who were on tour all over Germany to visit MARWIS prospects and to invite them to a live demo tour. We visited all the facilities responsible for clearing ...
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The NYS Mesonet:
From: LufftUSADescription: "More Stations. More Data. Better Forecasts." - that's the slogan of New York State Mesonet. The weather observation network consists of a total of 125 weather stations all over the state of New York ...
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Weather Dependend Velocity: TU Delft Solar Boat Team's Technology
From: LufftUSADescription: The TU Delft Solar Boat Team looks back on a successful season in July: They were able to win five different awards of this year's Dutch Solar Challenge (the Fryske Marren Prize, the Time Trial Award, ...
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What Became of the Radio Amateurs' Weather Station in Ravensburg?
From: LufftUSADescription: In November 2015, the chairman of the German Radio Amateurs Club's (DARC) local association in Ravensburg, Germany introduced himself and explained how we helped to realize one of their dreams by ...
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The Use of Optical (Chilled Mirror) Sensor Technology for Moisture Measurement
From: The Kahn CompaniesDescription: Optical (chilled mirror) is the most-widely used technology for calibration of dewpoint and relative humidity sensors and transmitters. Optical (chilled mirror) hygrometers are also used in ...
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Fundamentals of Moisture Measurement in Industrial Applications
From: The Kahn CompaniesDescription: Moisture is not only a process variable to be measured in industrial applications, but also a common contaminant which must be controlled. ...
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Detect. Balance. Tune.
Description: When I learned that the Kalitta Motorsports Top Fuel and Funny Car drag racing team was located right here in Michigan, I thought that a dragster would be an exciting application for TECAT's wireless ...
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WISER Sensors: A Key Enabling Technology for GHG Phase 2
Description: Several weeks ago the EPA published the highly anticipated Phase 2 of its Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Fuel Efficiency Standards for Medium- and Heavy-Duty Engines and Vehicles (GHG). The Phase 2 ...
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10 Things You Need to Know About Precision Displacement Measurement
From: Micro-Epsilon GroupDescription: Despite their frequent use, terms such as accuracy, resolution, repeatability and linearity are often misunderstood. As critical factors in the selection of a displacement sensor as well as in many ...
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Precise 2D/3D Measurement Using Laser Profile Scanners
From: Micro-Epsilon GroupDescription: The principle of triangulation - the geometric measurement using three-point relationships - has been known for many centuries. In the 18th century, this land survey method established itself in ...
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Measurement of Water Vapor in Sulphur Hexafluoride, SF6
From: MBW Calibration AGDescription: Sulphur hexafluoride, SF6, is a non-toxic, inert, insulating and cooling gas of high dielectric strength and thermal stability. Due to its high dielectric strength, it is particularly suited for ...
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Back to the Basics: Adjustment of Calibration for Process Temperature
Description: Testing by the authorities has shown that at elevated temperatures the Lower Flammable Limit decreases, that is, the mixture increases in flammability. ...
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Back to the Basics: Effects of Varying Rates of Evaporation on Calibration Accuracy
Description: For an analyzer with wide variation in response factors to the solvents of interest, there could be a considerable error from the assumption that the solvent mixture is uniform in each zone of the ...
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Back to the Basics: Flash Point and Dew Point
Description: Each solvent has a characteristic "flash point." This is the minimum temperature at which the solvent can produce sufficient vapors to form a flammable concentration in air at its surface. The flash ...
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Back to the Basics: Flash Point, Dew Point & Temperature
Description: The ability of the analyzer to measure the solvent concentration depends on the delivery of the solvent vapor to the analyzer through a sampling system in which all elements in contact with sample are ...
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Back to the Basics: Industry-Standard Accuracy
Description: Several analyzer types are of sufficiently sound design and manufacture to meet the industry-standard requirements for general purpose gas detection. Many of these also maintain this accuracy under ...
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Back to the Basics: Location in Multi-zone Drying
Description: The first or second zone might normally show the highest solvent concentration. But during an upset, it is not necessarily the zone where the peak concentration will appear. Excess solvent from an ...
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Back to the Basics: Responses to Various Solvents
Description: An analyzer should respond uniformly to all solvents that might be used. Any differences between individual solvent response factors should not reduce the margin of safety. Typically, this means that ...
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Back to the Basics: Sample Pre-conditioning and Filtering
Description: Because the analyzer response time is critical, large pre-conditioning filters in the sample line are to be avoided. The delay in a filter can be estimated by dividing the filter volume by the sample ...
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Back to the Basics: Solvent Calibration
Description: Unfortunately, the process of preparing accurate solvent mixtures for the precise calibration of the analyzer under the actual operating conditions is sufficiently difficult and unreliable in many ...
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Back to the Basics: Use of Reference Gases in Calibration
Description: The practical difficulty in accurately preparing and storing exact solvent concentrations often precludes their use. Multiple solvent mixtures are even more difficult to adequately control. ...
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Successfully Managing Industrial Chlorinated Processes with Metal Sealed Mass Flow Controllers
From: Brooks InstrumentDescription: Chlorine (CL2) is a member of the halogen elements group that is highly reactive and bonds easily with hydrogen to form HCL acid. HCL attacks stainless steel aggressively - literally passivating the ...
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Precise Thickness Measurement With Integrated Width Determination By Means of Laser Line Sensors
From: Micro-Epsilon GroupDescription: In the production of aluminium strips, strip thickness is one of the most important parameters, since it is significant for further processing. Width too plays a major role - among other things when ...
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Expected Rate of Flow
Description: "Rule of thumb" flow per line size chart. ...
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Animated Application for Bilge Pump Smart Sensor
Description: This application refers to the development of a bilge pump on a boat, which senses accumulating water in the bottom of the boat, which in turn operates a pump removing the water. ...
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Trace Silica Measurement in the Semiconductor and Power Industries
Description: In the production of high purity water, dissolved silica is known to be the first ion to breakthrough when the ion-exchanger resin approaches depletion. Therefore, rinse water quality is critical to ...
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Avoid Scale Buildup: The Silent Enemy of Cooling Performance
Description: Obstructions in cooling can wreak havoc on molding. Here, a well-known supplier to molders that also molds recounts its experience and offers tips on how you can keep things flowing. ...
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Application Guide to Mass Flow Measurement in the Petroleum Industry
From: Sierra Instruments, Inc.Description: The measurement and control of gas flows in production, refinery and R&D operations has a direct effect on efficiency, costs, safety, and environmental standards. ...
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Application Guide to Mass Flow Measurement in the Pharmaceutical and Biotech industries
From: Sierra Instruments, Inc.Description: Pharmaceutical and biotech companies can fine-tune costs, quality, and emissions if they are equipped with more effective measurement systems. ...
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Part 1: Thermal Core Technology White Paper Series - A Tale of Two Thermals: Capillary & Immersible
From: Sierra Instruments, Inc.Description: For gas mass flow measurement and control, Sierra offers the broadest selection of thermal mass flow measurement products on the market. This is because our thermal mass flow products incorporate two ...
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Part 2: Ultrasonic Core Technology White Paper Series - Advanced Transit-Time Measurement Technology
From: Sierra Instruments, Inc.Description: Since the introduction of ultrasonic transit-time flow meters, manufacturers have continually improved their measurement and signal processing capabilities. Recent advances in digital correlation ...
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Part 3: Multivariable Mass Vortex Core Technology White Paper Series 3 of 4
From: Sierra Instruments, Inc.Description: This white paper, part 3 of our core technology series, explores the mechanics and science that make up a multivariable vortex meter by showing the evolution from the original idea of a vortex ...
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The Advantages of Multivariable Vortex Flowmeters
From: Sierra Instruments, Inc.Description: Faced with less time and personnel to devote to an increasing range of control and measurement problems, engineers must often weigh the cost of inaccuracy against the initial and maintenance cost of ...
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The Evolution of Thermal Mass Flow Meters
From: Sierra Instruments, Inc.Description: John Olin, founder and CEO of Sierra Instruments, Inc., in Monterey, California, provides a historical perspective on the development of thermal mass flow measurement. ...
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Displacement Sensor for Nano-positioning Tasks
From: Micro-Epsilon GroupDescription: Very small displacements, both static and dynamic, are normally generated by piezo actuators. High precision displacement sensors ensure that these displacements are measured to the required nanometre ...
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Distance Control in 3D Printing
From: Micro-Epsilon GroupDescription: Micro laser sintering technology is an additive production technology based on digital 3D design data, whereby a component is constructed layer-by-layer from metal powders using a laser beam. This ...
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Application Note: Beer Brewing Industry Application
Description: ABB LM80 laser level transmitters were installed for this application at a brewery in the US Midwest. The laser transmitters were mounted on a support beam off the ceiling such that the distance to ...
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Application Note: Flowmeters for Batch Dosing
Description: In the food industry, it is frequently necessary to dose, pump, mix and blend liquids. Continuous mixing processes can be implemented directly in piping using ratio-based or Blendline control systems, ...
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Application Note: Optimizing Combustion in a Lime Oven
Description: To optimize combustion in a lime oven, the air flow must preferably be captured in standard units such as scfm. The air is sucked in from the atmosphere, with the pressure being virtually constant at ...
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Application Note: Reliable Measurement and Automation in the Milk Processing Industry
Description: Milk is an important food for us. It is a natural product and consists primarily of water, fat, protein, milk sugar (lactose) and mineral compounds. It also contains enzymes, vitamins and trace ...
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Application Note: Sugar Mill Carbonation Process
Description: Milling crushes, shreds or presses the cane or beets to extract the juice to which calcium oxide (milk of lime) is added. The calcium oxide raises the pH of the juice to a little over 11 and the water ...
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Application Note: Sugar Mill Liming Process
Description: To extract raw sugar juice, the mill first crushes, shreds, or presses the cane or beets. The raw juice is highly pure, but contains undesirable organic and inorganic non-sugar constituents together ...
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Case Study: High Accuracy Flowrate and Alcohol Content Measurements in a Distillery
Description: The Kraul & Wilkening u. Stelling company has been producing bio-ethanol and technical alcohol since 1856 and is a specialist in the production of highly concentrated alcohol. ...
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Don't Take Control - Cascade It (Part 1)
From: Brooks InstrumentDescription: Many users who need to control gas flow in their process don't want to spend a lot of time setting up their own flow control scheme, and instead purchase a mass flow controller. ...
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Electronic Pressure Controller Eliminates Droop, Boost and Hysteresis
From: Brooks InstrumentDescription: Gas pressure control is critical in many applications like life sciences and chemical/petrochemical research where flow is an integral part of the process. ...
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Handling Pressure Variation With a Mass Flow Controller
From: Brooks InstrumentDescription: Pressures in the reactor vessel can range from a few hundred PSIG to several thousand PSIG. Since an MFC is a closed loop control system with a valve that is sized for a specific set of conditions for ...
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How a Remote Valve on Your Liquid Controller Can Ease Your Process Pain
From: Brooks InstrumentDescription: Are you utilizing high pressures in your applications (> 1500 psig)? Have you had issues with down time due to clogged valves? Does your process utilize a gas that acts as a super-critical fluid? ...
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Is Your MFC Displaying/Outputting A Flow Signal (Or Negative Flow) With No Gas Going Through The Device?
From: Brooks InstrumentDescription: There are many reasons why this can occur, such as a change in mounting orientation, ambient temperature, or process pressure. ...
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Liquid Level Measurement Using the "Bubbler Method"
From: Brooks InstrumentDescription: Measurement of the level of a liquid in a tank using a pressure transmitter to measure the pressure created by the weight of the liquid. The key feature of this method is the use of a small diameter ...
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Safety First - Process Instrumentation Material Considerations
From: Brooks InstrumentDescription: When specifying flow, pressure, temperature or other wetted process control instrumentation there is a lot that needs to be considered: flow rates, pressures, temperatures, I/O signals, material ...
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Sparging with Mass Flow Controllers Makes Wine Taste Better
From: Brooks InstrumentDescription: The sparging of CO2 and O2 in bioprocessing controls the pH and dissolved O2 levels required to maintain the ideal fermentation environment in bioprocessing. ...
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Understanding Mass Flow Controller (MFC) Accuracy
From: Brooks InstrumentDescription: One of the key factors typically considered when selecting a measurement device, such as a mass flow controller (MFC), is accuracy. Anyone who has researched Mass Flow Controller accuracy likely knows ...
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Understanding Mean Time Between Failure (MTBF) for Process Instrumentation
From: Brooks InstrumentDescription: MTBF is largely based on assumptions and the definition of failure and attention to these details is important for proper interpretation. ...
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Lufft Snow Height Sensor SHM30 Reveals Secrets About Antarctica
From: LufftUSADescription: Neumayer Station III, short Neumayer III of the German Alfred Wegener Institute (AWI) is the biggest as well as most important research station of the central Antarctica. It was named after the ...
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Mechanical vs. Ultrasonic Wind Sensors - a Cost Benefit Analysis
From: LufftUSADescription: The following part of a recent analysis shows that the replacement of mechanical wind sensors trough ultrasonic anemometers in wind turbine control pays off after less than two years already... ...
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Wind Turbine Controlling of the Future
From: LufftUSADescription: Higher, more robust, more reliable: Parallel to the growing requirements for wind turbines, the requirements for monitoring sensors grow as well. But how can wind sensor manufacturers fulfil these ...
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Back to the Basics: Catalytic Combustion
Description: The catalytic detector consists of two small electrically heated beads having a finely divided platinum or palladium coating on the surface. A reference bead ONLY responds to changes in: The two beads ...
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Back to the Basics: Flame Ionization
Description: Combustible gases burned in a hydrogen flame produce ions that can be measured as a weak current through an imposed electric field. A well designed FID efficiently and completely burns the sample by ...
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Back to the Basics: Flame Temperature
Description: The small, well-regulated flame heats the tip of a temperature sensor suspended directly above it. The signal produced by the sensor when no flammable vapors are present drives the LFL indicator up to ...
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Back to the Basics: Infrared Absorption
Description: A typical non-dispersive infrared detector passes a pulsed source of infrared energy through the sample, and measures the energy received by two detectors. One "active" detector responds to ...
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Back to the Basics: LFL Analyzers and Control Systems
Description: Although several different types of sensors are employed as LFL monitors, each has an appropriate application to which it is best suited. Other types of detectors, for example electrochemical and ...
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Back to the Basics: Sample Probe Location
Description: A key element in analyzer performance is the sampling location. Failure to install the sample probe in a "representative" location can lead to inaccurate or greatly delayed readings. A location ...
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Back to the Basics: Sampling System Issues
Description: The speed and accuracy of the analyzer depend equally upon the sampling system and the detector. The final development of the worst accidents occurs in seconds. It is part of the last line of defense ...
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Melt Pressure Measurement: Environmental Effects
From: DyniscoDescription: The Need For Pressure Measurement in Extrusion In order to maintain the dimensional stability necessary to produce extruded products that meet todays precise quality and tolerance specifications, it ...
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Melt-Pressure Transducers Part I
From: DyniscoDescription: Extrusion processors are employing melt pressure transducers more and more frequently to help them improve output and melt quality, enhance production safety, and safeguard machinery. To select the ...
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Melt-Pressure Transducers Part II
From: DyniscoDescription: When selecting a melt pressure transducer, the first factor you should consider is the pressure range that will be measured. Available in ranges between 0 and 25 psi and 0 and 30,000 psi, transducers ...
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Rotronic - How to Avoid the Most Common Mapping Project Mistakes
Description: In spite of the headline, it is difficult to pin point the one single most common mistake. Most of the Mapping Matters e-newsletters discuss the mapping process and are not focusing on what not to do. ...
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Humidity Sensor Accuracy Demystified - ROTRONIC
Description: Comparing long term performance of RH measurement instruments involves more than simply comparing the humidity sensor accuracy specifications listed on the datasheets. The Accuracy specification ...
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Rotronic - Dew Point Temperature FAQ
Description: Read this Rotronic Technical Note and get answers to these common questions about dew point temperature. ...
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Mechanical vs. Ultrasonic Anemometers for Wind Turbine Control
From: LufftUSADescription: The following part of a recent analysis shows that the replacement of mechanical wind sensors trough ultrasonic anemometers in wind turbine control pays off after less than two years already... ...
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Basic Techniques of Vibration Measurement and Diagnosis
From: CAS DataLoggersDescription: Vibration monitoring is a major machine monitoring application with a focus on fault diagnosis, one with a significant area for savings. CAS DataLoggers outlines the basic techniques and software ...
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Monochloramine Monitoring - Reliable Analysis, Safer Drinking Water
Description: The Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA), enacted in 1974, is the main federal law that ensures the quality of Americans' drinking water. Under SDWA, EPA sets standards for drinking water quality and ...
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Monitoring Cement Plant Stack Emissions Using FTIR
Description: A major U.S. cement manufacturing facility completed a five-month field trial of the ABB ACF5000 hot / wet extractive FTIR Continuous Emission Monitoring System (CEMS) in August 2015. ...
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Lufft V200A Wind Sensor at Tsakona Bridge
From: LufftUSADescription: We are proud that LUFFT/AEVEKO supplied two V200A Wind sensors to the company Set Point Technologies Ltd to be installed in the new Tsakona Bridge. ...
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Back to the Basics: Elimination of Pockets
Description: Places where pockets of high concentration might occur through uneven ventilation flow or obstruction by the product being coated should be sought out and eliminated. In general, the concentration ...
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Back to the Basics: Detection of Ventilation Loss
Description: The minimum ventilation calculations should be made for the "worst case." A direct measurement of the ventilation rate - using properly situated low-pressure switches - should be connected to the ...
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HydroMet Calibration Vehicle with WS501 Weather Station on Board
From: LufftUSADescription: The Office of Meteorology and Hydrology in Mexico equipped a vehicle with measurement technology for verification of their Hydro-Met stations. We are proud that they decided to choose our smart WS501 ...
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Made to Measure or Off the Shelf? Wind Sensors for Wind turbines
From: LufftUSADescription: Klaus Hirzel, CEO at Lufft Mess- und Regeltechnik GmbH, questions why turbine manufacturers have never asked suppliers for their ideal set of environmental sensors .... ...
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Sonic Wind Sensors As Part of Second Longest Bridge in Greece
From: LufftUSADescription: We are proud that our sonic wind sensors V200A are part of the second longest bridge in Greece.... ...
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3 APPROACHES TO WEB TENSION MEASUREMENT
Description: There are three predominant tension measurement technologies in use today. ...
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Newspaper Press Tension Measurement
Description: Identifying problems or deviations that cause running web breaks is not black magic. The solution starts with measuring the process variables that are critical to a successful print run on your press, ...
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The Invisible Fine Dust
From: LufftUSADescription: Mobile measurement of fine dust with the help of our mobile weather sensor MARWIS? This becomes true with the help of the FDS 15 fine dust sensor from the company Födisch AG! With this combination you ...
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Solar Powered Thermal Mass Flow Meters for Oil Field Flare Gas Monitoring System
Description: How do you operate new gas flow meters at an oil field without utility power service in the remote southern Bakken formation region of North Dakota? That was the challenge facing Legacy Reserves LP at ...
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Wastewater Plant Relies on Thermal Flow Meter for Co-Gen Power Gas Blending Process
Description: The Rahway Valley Sewerage Authority (RVSA), which operates a large wastewater treatment plant in New Jersey, embarked on a green co-generation waste-to-energy project to power a portion of its ...
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Garage Ventilation | Engineering Data
From: Arjay EngineeringDescription: Ventilation shall be provided in garages to limit the exposure of workers to carbon monoxide to below the Time-Weighted Average Exposure Value (TWAEV) of 25 parts per million for a normal 8 hour ...
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Typical Sensor Location Considerations
From: Arjay EngineeringDescription: The sensor mounting location within a space may be dependent on many variables. There are no specific formulas since each application will have its own determining factors and priorities. ...
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NOTES ON CO2 (INDOOR AIR QUALITY)
From: Arjay EngineeringDescription: Welcome to ASHRAE Journal's Technical Q&A column. This column provides readers with an opportunity to ask technical questions and have the answers published. Each month the editors will select a ...
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Gas Monitoring for Ventilation Control and Energy Management (Vehicle Garages)
From: Arjay EngineeringDescription: The growing demand for underground and enclosed parking and maintenance garages (resulting from limitations on land availability) has increased the awareness and need for proper ventilation and ...
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A Guide to Oil in Water Monitoring for Environmental Compliance
From: Arjay EngineeringDescription: This guide focuses on oil in water for environmental compliance. However, much of the content can be applied to process applications as well. Since most environmental concern is directed to petroleum ...
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FLO Cycling - Fairly Priced Professional Cycling Wheels
From: LufftUSADescription: FLO Cycling is the company of the twins Jon and Chris Thornham from Canada, Dartmouth. They turned their hobby into a career and developed revolutionary racing bike wheels out of carbon fiber, which ...
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MARWIS Helps to Qualify Car Tyres in Brazil
From: LufftUSADescription: With the help of MARWIS, INMETRO can draw conclusions on the tyre's braking and steering performance at different water film heights. All measured data can be viewed in real time inside the vehicle by ...
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Road Weather Information Stations: On the Spot or to Go?
From: LufftUSADescription: With the mobile road sensor MARWIS we've transformed vehicles into mobile road weather stations. Most stationary measuring systems are also equipped with weather sensors for detecting the ...
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Back to the Basics: Minimum Ventilation Rate
Description: There are several fundamental safety precautions which should be applied to all dryer designs. These requirements call for a minimum below which the ventilation rate is never reduced. This ...
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Back to the Basics: Safe Reduction of Ventilation
Description: Last week we discussed the 2 cases at which the authorities have determined that certain industrial processes can proceed at solvent vapor concentrations up to, but not exceeding, some percentage of ...
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Back to the Basics: Secure Damper Positions
Description: The minimum ventilation calculations should be made for the "worst case." A direct measurement of the ventilation rate - using properly situated low-pressure switches - should be connected to the ...
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Back to the Basics: The Steady State
Description: In order to determine the suitability of a particular analyzer system, it is useful to study potential process upsets. There are two main types of process upsets that could present a hazardous ...