Electrical and Electronics Reference Materials
Technical Articles
Reference Articles 2501 - 2600 of 3218
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Application: E-car Isolation Measurement
Description: Hybrid and electric drivetrains in cars, trucks and two wheelers are introducing new, previously unknown challenges in the transportation industry. The 12V or 24V board net is now complemented with a ...
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Application: Electrosurgical Generators
Description: Approximately 95% of new, surgically equipped operating rooms use electronic scalpels. These electronic scalpels cut and instantly cauterize the area stopping any bleeding. This greatly helps doctors ...
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Application: Fast Oscilloscopes - Reed Relay
Description: Electronics based products play an indispensable role in our everyday world, even though we cannot see the waveforms and interaction within the product at the component level. However, in the typical ...
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Application: IC Testing - Reed Relay
Description: Humanity has changed dramatically as they carry out our daily endeavors, by the invention of the integrated circuit nearly 50 years ago. Whether we are checking the time on our wrist watch, making a ...
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Application: Instrumentation Grade Reed Relays
Description: Today's high tech electronic fields continue to prosper with innovative new products using finer and finer integrations that drive components smaller and smaller. Whether the electronic components are ...
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Application: Modular Instrumentation - Reed Relay
Description: Modular instrumentation has been around for the past 30 years, but continues to grow in popularity. The systems have become more functional with the ability to carry out multiple tasks in parallel. ...
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Application: Network Analyzers, RF - Reed Relay
Description: Network analyzers are widely used in the RF frequency realm, whether it is measuring the characteristics in the analog continuous wave high frequencies, or measuring the rise and fall times of fast ...
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Application: Planar Transformers for Military and Aerospace Applications
Description: Over the past decade or so, the use of planar transformers in military and aerospace applications has grown rapidly. Military and aerospace (Mil-Aero) applications typically require a lot of ...
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Application: Portable Defibrillators - Reed Relay
Description: Every year many thousands of peoples' lives are saved having been resuscitated with a defibrillator after their heart had stopped beating. Many times this happens in a hospital environment. However, ...
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Application: RF Attenuators - Reed Relay
Description: Test equipment capable of use in RF evaluations will generally require attenuation circuits to help them evaluate various aspects of RF components and RF circuitry. These attenuators need a switching ...
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Application: RF Receivers - Reed Relay
Description: With the continuous worldwide threat of terrorism, most countries need to be monitoring all electronic communication on a 24/7 basis. Most of this is done with electronic receivers scanning all the RF ...
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Application: Solar/Photovoltaic Isolation Monitoring
Description: If the solar panels would absorb the energy that the sun releases in two minutes, they could provide the entire population on earth with electricity for one year. This, of course is unrealistic, ...
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Application: Surgical Operating Rooms Eliminate Instruments Left Behind - Reed Relay
Description: Every year billions of dollars are paid out for malpractice suits against practicing medical doctors. Most of these suits involve medical procedures or operations where a problem occurs during ...
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Application: Switching Performance PCB's Used In IC's - Reed Relay
Description: Chip makers use new performance boards for every new chip they develop. Since most integrated circuit/chip makers generally have large factories devoted to the testing of their chips. Hundreds of ...
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Tadiran Industrial Grade LiSOCL2 Batteries: High Energy Cells that Age Gracefully
Description: Tadiran bobbin-type lithium thionyl chloride (LiSOCl2) batteries feature a very low self-discharge rate of just 0.7 percent per year, enabling these cells to operate for up to 40 years in extreme ...
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Automated Test Equipment -Reed Relays
Description: When test equipment and automatic test equipment (ATE) systems are used to test discrete semiconductors they often require a switching device that can carry high-pulsed currents that do not distort ...
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Photovoltaic Systems - Reed Relay
Description: A photovoltaic system has to have excellent isolation. Without proper isolation, currents will flow off into the ground, which will not only cause a loss of power, but may also be very dangerous. ...
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Reed Relays for Isolation measurement in E-Cars
Description: Hybrid and electric drivetrains in cars, trucks and two wheelers are introducing new, previously unknown challenges in the transportation industry. The 12V or 24V board net is now complemented with a ...
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Frequently Asked Questions About Bonded Magnet Materials
Description: NeoForm® material produces almost twice as much flux density as anisotropic ceramic magnets (grades 5 - 8), so substituting NeoForm® material is a fairly safe way to extract greater ...
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Frequently Asked Questions About Choosing Magnet Materials
Description: A hysteresis alloy's composition, orientation and heat treat are optimized to produce maximum hysteresis losses. Generally materials are engineered to reduce losses. Hysterloy is usually supplied in ...
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Frequently Asked Questions About LIFESEP® Biomagnetic Separation Units
Description: Two good printed resource materials are Advances in Biomagnetic Separation published by Eaton Publishing, ISBN 1881-299-0105 and Magnetic Separation Techniques Applied to Cellular and Molecular ...
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Frequently Asked Questions About Limits of Magnet Materials
Description: Indeed there are. There has been much work on alloys based on a compound of Sm-Fe-N [aka Samarium-Iron Nitrides]. Although these materials do not as yet have the kinds of energy products that we are ...
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Frequently Asked Questions About Magnet Coatings and Plating
Description: Nd-Fe-B magnets have improved dramatically over the last 10 years. But they still contain iron and other reactive phases, and will rust. Nd-Fe-B is a blended powder before it is pressed into a magnet. ...
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Frequently Asked Questions About Magnet Processing and Manufacturing
Description: As a general rule, cast or sintered magnet materials are very hard (RC46). This is 46 on the Rockwell "C" scale, which is harder than commercially available drills and taps, so tools will heat up and ...
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Frequently Asked Questions About Magnetic Theory and Design
Description: What's the difference between the intrinsic curve and the normal curve? I understand that we generally use normal curve when designing the magnets, so when is the intrinsic curve used? The intrinsic ...
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Frequently Asked Questions About Magnetization and Demagnetization
Description: Magnetic flux lines can not cross each other, so magnets in repulsion develop radial vectors whose intensity increases as the magnets approach each other. To the extent that the amplitude of the ...
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Frequently Asked Questions About Pole Pieces
Description: Magnetic flux will travel along the path that offers it the least amount of resistance, (or, more accurately, the least amount of reluctance). Steel components in a magnetic circuit offer the flux a ...
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Frequently Asked Questions About Rules and Quick Calculations
Description: Magnet strength needs to be defined. Magnet strength actually is a measure of total flux in the area of interest. If greater holding strength is desired, then more Br is needed, and since holding ...
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Frequently Asked Questions About Soft Magnet Materials
Description: The Curie temperature refers to the transition temperature above which ferromagnetic materials lose their useful magnetic properties. Ferrite materials are actually ferromagnetic materials [a similar ...
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Frequently Asked Questions About Temperature Effects on Magnets
Description: All magnetic materials are at all times as fully magnetized as their thermal state permits. Prior to "magnetization" their magnetic domains arrange randomly to minimize their internal (and external) ...
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Frequently Asked Questions on Magnetic Couplings and Their Design
Description: Eddy current devices have a straight-line torque-speed characteristic, with the torque increasing linearly with the speed by virtue of the fact that the induced currents vary in magnitude with the ...
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Biosafety Cabinet HEPA Filter Replacements: Reducing Costs
From: BakerDescription: When selecting which biosafety cabinet is right for you, price is almost always a top consideration. While sticker price seems like the most pertinent cost data, you need to consider the total cost of ...
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6 Ways Active Enclosure Cooling Will Protect Your Investment
From: Thermal Edge, Inc.Description: Electrical components, such as variable frequency drives, PLCs, contactors, and switches, as well as the equipment and machinery they control, represent a large upfront investment in almost any ...
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How an Enclosure Air Conditioner Can Prevent Unwanted Failures
From: Thermal Edge, Inc.Description: Electrical equipment such as VFDs, contactors, and PLCs generate heat through power losses. This same equipment can lose efficiency, operate erratically, or even fail prematurely due to excess ...
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Optimizing Space & Keeping Cool with Control Panels
From: Thermal Edge, Inc.Description: Electrical control panel builders know that the cost of the bare control panel represents a significant percentage of the total material cost of the completed electrical enclosure. Not only that, but ...
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What You Need to Know About Cooling Control Panel Enclosures
From: Thermal Edge, Inc.Description: Control panels are designed to house and protect electrical components for powering and controlling industrial, HVAC, and other equipment. Industrial control panels may include PLCs, VFDs, contactors, ...
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Performance Factors and Design Flexibility In Medical Power Supplies
From: Polytron Devices, Inc.Description: When dealing with medical equipment, strict standards are often put into place to make sure patients and healthcare personnel remain safe. However, beyond these strictly-enforced safety standards, ...
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5 Keys to Protecting an Industrial Control Panel Enclosure
From: Thermal Edge, Inc.Description: When assessing what kind of protection is needed for an industrial control panel enclosure, there are five key factors to consider. These are ambient temperature, humidity, pollution, weather and ...
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Glossary of Connector Terminology
From: Fujipoly® America Corp.Description: When specifying such an interconnect device (such as a Zebra® connector) is important to understand specific terminology. Below is a glossary of common terms that you will encounter. ...
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Working With Lab Instruments Under Low Oxygen
From: BakerDescription: When working with cells that require a low-oxygen atmosphere to thrive, it is important to create a continuously controlled environment to avoid oxidative stress. Shocking cells by removing them from ...
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Chemical Resistance Chart
From: Anamet Electrical, Inc.Description: The listed chemicals have been tested with results noted below. ...
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FAQ Tech Support
From: Anamet Electrical, Inc.Description: A list of common tech support questions. ...
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Food Grade White Paper
From: Anamet Electrical, Inc.Description: A Primer to the proper application of flexible conduit in Food Grade Applications. ...
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Packaging and Cutting Instructions
From: Anamet Electrical, Inc.Description: Standard coils of Anaconda SEALTITE are packaged in handy, strong, corrugated cartons. ...
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Plenum Environment
From: Anamet Electrical, Inc.Description: 2014 NEC Article 300.22 Wiring in Ducts Not Used for Air Handling, Fabricated Ducts for Environmental Air, and Other Spaces for Environmental Air (Plenums). ...
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A 10kW 3 level UPS Inverter utilizing a full SiC module solution to achieve high efficiency and reduce size and weight
Description: This article intends to describe the application of full SiC module in a 10 kW UPS inverter. 5-10kW is a widely used power rating for UPS and is also common for power modules. A module has been used ...
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Selecting Power Supplies for Medical Equipment Designs
From: Polytron Devices, Inc.Description: When it comes to medical equipment, nothing is more important than the safety of patients and health care personnel. From diagnostic tools such as ultrasound devices to home health equipment like ...
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Selecting Power Supplies for Medical
From: Polytron Devices, Inc.Description: Safety, standards and design flexibility are top considerations. ...
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How the Right Enclosure Air Conditioner Protects Your Equipment
From: Thermal Edge, Inc.Description: The use of enclosure air conditioners to protect equipment inside electrical enclosures has become commonplace. However, there are several requirements that users should be aware of when selecting an ...
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Calculation of required volume flow (filter fans)
From: STEGODescription: In enclosures and cabinets with highly efficient and sensitive electronic components heat can also become a problem, especially with increasing packing density. Furthermore there is a risk that the ...
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10 Components for the BTUH Calculation For Enclosure Cooling
From: ISC Sales, Inc.Description: Selecting the right enclosure cooling solution can be complicated, but the experts at ISC enclosure cooling are here to help you through this process. This article will discuss how to calculate the ...
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4 Tips for Maintaining your Enclosure Air Conditioner in the Summer
From: ISC Sales, Inc.Description: Enclosure air conditioners that are in use outside are subject to a significantly higher heat load and lower air quality than those placed in temperature-regulated environments. These outdoor units ...
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CT Burden Chart
From: FLEX-COREDescription: DETERMINING BURDEN FOR CURRENT TRANSFORMERS CT SECONDARY WIRE SIZING EXAMPLE ...
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Current and Voltage Transformers Glossary
From: FLEX-COREDescription: Current and voltage transformers glossary. ...
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Digital Power Module Meets Fast Load Transient POL with Simple Cooling Design
Description: The ever-increasing demands of FPGAs, processors and ASICs are pushing point-of-load (POL) power converters to the limit. Not only do they occupy more motherboard real estate, but they also require ...
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Polymagnet® Concepts and Ideas
Description: Polymagnets® can be offered as components of a functional sub-assembly, such as vibration isolation, shear force transfer across a barrier, magnetic coupling across an air gap, or linear motion ...
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New Insulation Material Yields Smaller, Lighter, Greener Cables
From: Alpha WireDescription: Alpha Wire's new EcoWire hook-up wire uses flexible Noryl insulation to provide an environmentally friendly alternative to PVC. Noryl is a modified polyphenylene ether (mPPE) thermoplastic that is ...
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Your Cable Your Way: A Guide to Custom Cable Design
From: Alpha WireDescription: Many different types of cables can be made with a custom design. The following information is just some things to keep in mind when creating a custom cable. ...
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Changing Contact Pin Suppliers Doesn't Have to Be Painful
From: Bead ElectronicsDescription: In this modern day, it's all too easy to get lost in the virtual sea of analysis and comparisons, searching for the right supplier that fits your needs. And with mountains of data and information at ...
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Easy-To-Follow International Wiring Instructions For Your Power Supply
From: Polytron Devices, Inc.Description: To help reduce the likelihood of failure in your power supply, weâ ve released a set of new pinout diagrams on our website with easy-to-follow global wiring instructions to simplify connecting your ...
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Operational Cost Saving Opportunities for System Designers in Control Power
Description: Control panels most often have transformers feeding into Switched Mode Power Supplies (SMPS) that provide 24VDC power to PLCs, I/O cards, Solenoids, relay coils, etc. The excess heat generated in the ...
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Power Quality Issues, Impacts, and Mitigation for Industrial Customers
Description: Now, more than ever, electronic equipment and computing devices are used in all types of industrial processes. This has been pivotal in making these processes more productive, efficient, and safe. ...
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Surge and Filter Protection Devices and Applications
Description: A common mistake in determining the total cost of a failure is to look only at the cost of the failed component. In reality, the analysis of the exact cost of a failure needs to take into account the ...
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Low Power Consumption Fan 60 mm Sq. 10 mm Thick
Description: In recent years, a trend has emerged for devices in the LCD display, LED panel and other similar markets to be smaller and thinner, therefore there is a requirement for the fans equipped in such ...
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Wide Temperature Range Fan
Description: In recent years, photovoltaic power generation, electric vehicles, etc. have spread rapidly from the perspective of global environmental protection and are used in various regions around the world. ...
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Highlights of 2014 and New Products Introduction
Description: Cooling fans are now equipped in power conditioners of photovoltaic power systems, high-brightness LED lighting devices and charging stations for electric vehicles due to the increase in the amount of ...
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Current Transformer Application Note and Wire Length Chart
From: Weschler InstrumentsDescription: Current transfomers are specified by size (VA rating), ratio and accuracy. The VA rating determines the maximum secondary impedance (lead+terminal+meter impedance) that can be driven at the stated ...
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Current Transformer Measurements
From: Weschler InstrumentsDescription: The Current Transformer (CT) is used to sense AC current in single-phase or three-phase mains circuits. The CT typically has a 1A or 5A AC secondary that connects to a current, power or energy meter. ...
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Thermal Management For Power Supplies
From: Polytron Devices, Inc.Description: To help reduce the likelihood of failure in your power supply, we've released a set of new pinout diagrams on our website with easy-to-follow global wiring instructions to simplify connecting your ...
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When is a Plastic Connector the Right Connector?
From: LEMO USA, Inc.Description: Products made from plastic are thought of as cheap alternatives, but when it comes to connectors, they are sometimes the smarter option. Trevor Lee of LEMO answers the question: When is a plastic ...
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Secure Desktop KVM Switch Update
From: Black BoxDescription: Until recently, the National Information Assurance Partnership (NIAP) used Common Criteria Evaluation & Validation Scheme (CCEVS) to evaluate and approve KVM switches for security. Find out why ...
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Unique Application of Solder Ball Technology on QFP Pads Improves Processing Reliability
Description: IC complexity and higher I/O counts have pushed older technology like Quad Flat Pack packages (QFP) to the limit of finer pin placement. Solder bridging between closely spaced gull wing leads of fine ...
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Magnet Education
Description: Magnet terminology and selection criteria. ...
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Magnet Location & Selection Guide
Description: Magnet location and selection guide ...
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Selecting a Sump Battery Backup
From: SEC America, LLCDescription: While we at SEC America have offered many power converter requirements through the careful selection of off-the shelf unit specifications, we will build to custom mechanical and electrical ...
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The Bead Electronics Swaging Process:From Concept to Reality
From: Bead ElectronicsDescription: Unless you're in the metal fabrication industry, it's likely you aren't very familiar with what we do here at Bead Electronics. A quick glimpse at our website will tell you we develop, manufacture and ...
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The Common Pitfall of a Sump Pump Battery Backup
From: SEC America, LLCDescription: While we at SEC America have offered many power converter requirements through the careful selection of off-the shelf unit specifications, we will build to custom mechanical and electrical ...
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Trailer Electrical Interfaces - Part 1: Interfacing Methods for Vehicles with Incompatible Electrical Standards
From: SEC America, LLCDescription: While we at SEC America have offered many power converter requirements through the careful selection of off-the shelf unit specifications, we will build to custom mechanical and electrical ...
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Trailer Electrical Interfaces - Part 2: Centralized Power Switching Regulators (DC-DC Converters)
From: SEC America, LLCDescription: While we at SEC America have offered many power converter requirements through the careful selection of off-the shelf unit specifications, we will build to custom mechanical and electrical ...
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EMC filters for medical devices
From: Schaffner EMC Inc.Description: Schaffner, the market leader in EMC filters and power quality devices, has consistently extended its proven IEC Inlet family with single- and dual stage IEC inlet filter adapted to the market needs. ...
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How to Diagnose Power Supply Problems
From: Polytron Devices, Inc.Description: Before leaving the plant, power supplies are always subject to performance testing. These tests include line regulation at full load and operating temperature. The problem with these ideal testing ...
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Breaking down the challenges with 347V & 480V for lighting devices.
From: E Craftsmen CorporationDescription: Many commercial & industrial installations receive primary power at 347V (in Canada) or 480V (US), which often exceeds the rated input voltage for most lighting products. It is hazardous to operate a ...
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Current Transformer Overview
Description: A current transformers (CT) is a device that can detect a current through a wire passing through its center. This wire constitutes a one-turn primary for the transformer, and the winding on the CT ...
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Why Planning Enclosure Thermal Management before Prototype Phase Is Critical
From: Thermal Edge, Inc.Description: The ideal time to factor in thermal management of the enclosure is during the initial design stage before equipment is purchased. Here are some considerations to take before the prototype phase. ...
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Resistors FAQ
Description: Some common questions about resistors. ...
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How a Cabinet Cooling Fan Can Cut Project Costs
From: Thermal Edge, Inc.Description: Provided the conditions are right, the lowest cost method of cooling an enclosure is to use filtered fans. The reasons are simple: fans are cheap, cost very little to run, and are capable of moving a ...
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Preventing Vandalism & Theft of Electrical Enclosures & Equipment
From: Thermal Edge, Inc.Description: Vandalism of electrical enclosures is a growing problem. Frequently, the aim of the vandalism is not obvious apart from a desire to cause malicious damage and inconvenience to maintenance personnel. ...
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15 Questions to Ask About Circuit Protection for Wearable Electronics
From: Littelfuse, Inc.Description: Have you attended an electronics or design tradeshow lately? Have you visited a big-box retailer or browsed an online electronics vendor? ...
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The Shocking Truth About Static Discharge Dangers
From: Littelfuse, Inc.Description: As any first-year engineering student can tell you, electrostatic discharge (ESD) is an electrical transient that poses a serious threat to electronic circuits. ...
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MagneGear™ Linear and Rotary Magnetic Gearing Devices for Downhole Applications
Description: Geared devices are a necessity in many types of downhole tools. The primary purpose of gearing is to provide either a speed change or a force change. Limitations in diameter on most downhole tools ...
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Magnet Designs for Magneto-electronic Thin Film Processing
Description: Magnetic fields are pivotal in the manufacture and processing of advanced magneto-electronic thin films. These include giant magnetoresistive (GMR), current perpendicular to plane (CPP) spin valves ...
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Magnetic Design Considerations for Devices and Particles Used for Biological High-Gradient Magnetic Separation (HGMS) Systems
Description: An overview of the magnetic systems used in biological high-gradient magnetic separation (HGMS) is presented. The magnetic design parameters of a range of separation devices are discussed. Such ...
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Method to Design Magnetrons that Match Preferred Erosion Patterns
Description: A new method for analyzing the erosion profiles produced by rotating magnetrons is presented. The average tangential flux is calculated in rings concentric with the rotation axis and plotted versus ...
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Providing Reliable Power for VoIP Network Wiring Closets
From: Tripp Lite by EatonDescription: VoIP is rapidly becoming the standard for voice communications in business, government, education, government and healthcare. It offers capabilities that far exceed traditional phone systems, with ...
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6 Enclosure Cooling Considerations for Large Electrical Machines
From: Thermal Edge, Inc.Description: A large machine includes any machinery that is physically large, complex, and operates as a standalone machine or integrated into a production line. Examples include cement kilns, paper making ...
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High Airflow, Long Life Fan 92 mm Sq., 38 mm Thick
Description: With the current expansion of the information-communication device market and recyclable energy market, products are required to have even longer life and be more considerate of the environment. At ...
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High Airflow, Long Life, Splash Proof Fans
Description: Across the markets of the world, there are a vast number of customers who use fans. There are many applications for which these fans are used and the required specifications for fan become more and ...
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Technology Supporting Globalization of Fans
Description: Across the markets of the world, there are a vast number of customers who use fans. There are many applications for which these fans are used and the required specifications for fan become more and ...
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The Benefits of Using Digital Power Modules
Description: Digital power modules provide the benefits of both digital power and power modules, and support the growing industry trend toward high-efficiency power conversion. This article explores the benefits ...
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Extend the Life of Your Power Supplies
From: Polytron Devices, Inc.Description: When choosing a power supply for your electronics application, pay close attention to its input voltage range. Sounds obvious, but engineers often forget to consider the possible range of input ...