Electrical Distribution and Protection Reference Materials

Description: Care should be used when applying an inverter in a multiple motor application. ...

Description: Different Types of Varistors ...

Description: What is a Varistor? ...

Description: Harmonics do no useful work; they degrade the level of power quality and efficiency in a commercial building or industrial facility. ...

Description: Learn more about e-bike market trends, block diagrams, and the benefits of recommended Littelfuse products. ...

Description: Our company controls the temperature of the thermal protector by the method of full inspection and sorting. According to the requirements of GB13232-91 (idt IEC34-11-3) "General Rules for Mounted ...

Description: The exponential growth in renewable wind and solar energy generation has triggered a corresponding demand for battery energy storage systems (BESSs). With dropping fossil fuel consumption, new country ...

Description: When installing the TP1 thermal protector in the transformer, the power of the transformer must be confirmed first. If the transformer power is small and the current is within the range of the thermal ...

Description: Automated testing of MMICs often uses wide electrical specifications that, unfortunately, allow outliers into the pass population. Although removal of these outliers has been extensively studied in ...

Description: Ofil has solutions that assist electrical utilities manage their infrastructure. Our solutions aim at reducing maintenance cost and extending the operational lifetime of components that are exposed to ...

Description: Long-term storage represents a viable solution to maintaining a continuous supply of semiconductor components in long-lifecycle applications but how does long-term storage affect performance? ...

Description: For items that have been in long-term storage, quality and reliability are key concerns. To determine the quality of aged components in real-world applications, Rochester performed an analysis of ...

Description: Choosing the correct fuse for your application can be overwhelming and time-consuming, even for a seasoned electronics design engineer. ...

Description: This article discusses the advantages of SMPD with advanced isolation packaging and how implementing this technology with your EV design results in significantly higher power density in a smaller ...

Description: Transient Voltage Suppression (TVS) protection devices such as shielded cables, crowbars, filters and clamping devices have been widely used for a number of years to solve EMI problems. ...

Description: Smart Grid – a dynamic electrical system where at any moment power flows from an available generating station to consumers and the network architecture gets constantly reconfigured to meet ...

Description: The stability and reliability of power delivery have always been a major concern of electrical utilities and were given higher priorities than the power losses issues. According to the World Bank ...

Description: Benefits of Littelfuse components - fire & smoke alarms ...

Description: Prevention through Design with Special-Purpose GFCIs ...

Description: Derating formula and curve ...

Description: The IP Code, IEC standard 60529, sometimes interpreted as Ingress Protection Marking, classifies and rates the degree of protection provided against intrusion, dust, accidental contact, and water by ...

Description: Using heat shrink materials is an excellent way to protect crucial electrical connections and keep wire connections secure. However, some confusion lingers over heat shrink materials and how they are ...

Description: There are many types of low-voltage automotive wire, but the two most common are GPT wire and cross-link polyethylene wire. The key differences between them lie primarily in the properties of their ...

Description: Few things beat the satisfaction of stepping back to admire a job well done, especially when it comes to pristine electrical work. While manufacturers continue to advance the features of electrical ...

Description: Automotive wiring has a tough job to do. It must operate in adverse conditions such as extreme heat and cold, vibration, moisture, and chemicals. Chemical corrosion has increased over the years due to ...

Description: When it comes to lighting patterns for vehicle work lights, some work vehicle customers are unsure whether spotlights or floodlights will best suit their operators' needs. Other questions may arise ...

Description: CAN, which stands for Controller Area Network, has been in use for more than 30 years and is increasingly found in passenger vehicles, class 7 and 8 trucks, construction equipment, and off-highway ...

Description: When planning circuit protection for trucks and off-road equipment, it's important to account for ambient heat, inrush currents, mounting considerations, environmental factors and more. ...

Description: Recent decades have witnessed the rapid growth of computers, business machines, industrial controls, medical electronics equipment and many other devices that utilize digital techniques. Concurrent ...

Description: Adhesives are often expected to hold up under significant environmental stress. Heat poses unique challenges that can alter the chemistry and durability of a material. One attribute used to better ...

Description: In the case of mixed assembly of SMT and THT components on a printed circuit board, the questions are raised: two soldering processes? Manual assembly? Is there something more effective? Yes, there ...

Description: MicroGrid® Materials for Wind Applications ...

Description: MicroGrid® Materials for Zone Protection ...

Description: A deeper dive into the fundamentals of EMI, discuss electromagnetic compatibility and outline your design choices when considering electromagnetic energy and its potential effect on your product, and ...

Description: More and more panels are incorporating smarter breakers with sensors that can provide alerts and take action when they detect an issue. Panel builders can choose from 3 levels of device monitoring, ...

Description: Short circuit current ratings (SCCR) are a critical specification when designing industrial control panels. Determining the appropriate SCCR actually requires no calculations. Instead, there is a ...

Description: Your large (>400 HP) motors require special protection to ensure reliable operation and a long life. Learn how the features of today's smarter motor-protecting circuit breakers are up to the task. ...

Description: The pandemic greatly increased the use by manufacturers and distributors of digital and online tools to stay in touch with customers. Panel builders are using these digital tools for finding and ...

Description: When selecting the right low voltage power circuit breaker for an application, it is important to consider both short-circuit current ratings and short-time current ratings. Understanding these ...

Description: Both residential and commercial customers are increasingly turning to renewable energy sources that's creating huge demand for energy storage systems. Panel shops should be looking at how they can be ...

Description: The latest panel technology often offers big benefits. But depending on the application, the older technology may be better. Here are some factors to consider when selecting control panel components ...

Description: Try to imagine doing business today without your cell phone. You probably can't. In the same way, panel builders using communication-enabled devices like breakers and automatic transfer switches can't ...

Description: If you appreciate the wisdom of combining the fax, scan, and copy functions into a single device, the benefits of combining the function of relays and meters in your breakers should be crystal clear. ...

Description: Repair or replace? It's a question repeatedly faced by plant engineers and maintenance managers. For power distribution equipment, there are four important considerations when making that decision. ...

Description: Some panel builders are content to offer traditional, serviceable designs. Others position themselves as higher-value providers, offering panels with more functions and performance. They often achieve ...

Description: Panels with higher AIC / SCCR ratings provide superior safety, helping protect employees and equipment while avoiding production losses and scrap. OEM machine builders and panel builders can pursue ...

Description: Circuit breakers are increasingly being used instead of fuses for transportation equipment of all types. Circuit breakers have many virtues: They're more durable, they're easier to reset and replace, ...

Description: While circuit breakers are becoming more prominent in 12-volt system design, the fuse remains a common, and useful, technology. If you're not up on your fuses, here's an overview of where they fit ...

Description: Dual voltage electrical systems solve many power requirement problems in today's trucks, buses and motor coaches, but like any specialized technology, dual voltage establishes its own rules. ...

Description: Controlling parasitic loads (battery drain) and properly distributing electrical power is crucial to keeping vehicles working. However, this requires balancing the needs of the battery against those ...

Description: This Whitepaper touches on ways to build more reliability into essential equipment used in hospitals, assisted living facilities and medical clinics. Acknowledging the dire results from catastrophic ...

Description: In this second video, Matt Guise, High Reliability Segment Market Leader, tackles some of the latest trends that are driving technology development in high-reliability markets, such as aerospace, life ...

Description: Continuing advances in equipment and materials are necessary to support high-density interconnect (HDI) printed circuit boards (PCBs) with ever-increasing feature densities. ...

Description: Relays, solenoids, and contactors are all switches-whether electro-mechanical or solid state-but there are critical differences that make each suitable for different applications. In this article, we ...

Description: Conductix-Wampfler introduces innovative conductive material for conductor rails ...

Description: Carlo Gavazzi has launched the RSBS series, a compact, single-phase soft-starter. The RSBS is designed for single-phase compressors and is an ideal solution in single phase voltage networks that are ...

Description: There are a myriad of codes, standards, guides and practices associated with lead-acid and nickel cadmium stationary batteries. A former colleague of mine and a code expert, used to say that, "the ...

Description: Lithium-ion battery packs are used in billions of applications from cars to the latest cell phones. Care taken during the charging process of the battery pack can extend battery life and safety. ...

Description: DayCor® Rail is a corona detection driven system dedicated to assist electrical railways management maintain the ongoing safe operation of their mass transportation networks. DayCor® Rail ...

Description: Gear reducers convert high-speed rotational energy from an input or driving device, such as a motor, to an output or driven device, such as a shaft. These devices reduce the output speed of the motor ...

Description: An understanding of the harsh operating conditions and significant costs of downtime is the first step to reducing gearbox costs in the aggregate industry. Aggregate industry operations include ...

Description: A regular maintenance schedule is important to keep a variable frequency drive (VFD) operating efficiently and effectively. ...

Description: The selection of an appropriate gear reducer can be a daunting task for a design engineer because there are a myriad of potential gear reducer designs and products that may appear to satisfy design ...

Description: Variable frequency drives (VFDs) are solid-state electronic motor controllers that efficiently meet varying process requirements by adjusting the frequency and voltage of power supplied to an ...

Description: Preserve battery life and make a safer 12/24V system with a battery equalizer. Here are step-by-step instructions. ...

Description: Actions to solve one problem often have other, unexpected consequences. Panel builders opt for digital components primarily to create more-compact panels. But they also discover other unexpected ...

Description: When looking at fuel costs alone, a common misconception is that gas fired boilers provide the greatest cost savings. But comparison studies often fail to recognize the total cost of ownership. While ...

Description: Electrostatic Discharge damage may be invisible to the naked eye, but it can have very costly consequences. That's why following the basics of ESD safety is an absolute must for many industrial ...

Description: PRACTICAL MEASURES FOR LOWERING RESISTANCE TO GROUNDING ...

Description: What is cathodic protection? How is expanded metal mesh used in cathodic protection? ...

Description: Air-quality regulations have a major impact on the choice of engine-generator sets for standby electric power. Federal, state and local rules can dictate the level of emission control required and can ...

Description: Previous requirements for Arc Energy reduction were only applied to circuit breakers (240.87) rated 1200A and over. ...

Description: NFPA 70E®, Standard for Electrical Safety in the Workplace, is becoming the most referenced standard for electrical safety. OSHA is using it as a reference tool to determine industry acceptable ...

Description: The customer has a specific need for a Low Voltage Disconnect (LVD) product, which would provide protection against "Brownout" conditions where the incoming voltage fluctuates around the threshold ...

Description: Resistance: SAN-EARTH M5C vs. Copper Wire ...

Description: SAN-EARTH Easy Installation Guide - Typical Vertical Electrode ...

Description: Easy Installation Guide - Typical Lateral Electrode ...

Description: SAN-EARTH Grounding Grid Calculator ...

Description: SAN-EARTH Lateral Electrode Calculator ...

Description: SAN-EARTH M5C vs. Chemical Ground Rods ...

Description: SAN-EARTH Perimeter Electrode Calculator ...

Description: SAN-EARTH Vertical Electrode Calculator ...

Description: This paper is part one of a three part series that takes a look at grounding and its role in protecting personnel, protecting equipment, and ensuring the integrity of electrical signals. In this part, ...

Description: Allowing for desired safety margins when selecting components of an electrical circuit requires close attention to how each component will react to real world conditions, both ambient and ...

Description: The Five Towns Complex in Clearwater Florida was experiencing an observable leak around one of their swimming pools in the complex. The maintenance manager, Chad Moises, hired a pool leak detection ...

Description: "Never leave money on the table," is a frequently heard business-related saying. The advice is sound; don't fail to capture all the potential profitability or value in an action or transaction. ...

Description: We often fail to take advantage of powerful features in our electronic devices, usually because we didn't know they were there. Managers at facilities equipped with ABBs Emax 2 breaker are excited ...

Description: Power control panel builders and buyers in the market for automatic transfer switch solutions might be surprised at some of the new features available in these devices. This article highlights some of ...

Description: In power distribution systems that rely on parallel energy inputs, or include multiple inputs that are switched in and out, it is critical to protect the system from ground faults. Rather than simply ...

Description: - "Do-it-yourself" is a popular approach for people who First, there is the fact that people who build a panel once in a while are going to be much slower than someone who does it every day. Then, ...

Description: Faced with tough competition, panel makers constantly search for ways to shave the price of their panels. That often begins by shopping for components based primarily on price. When it comes to ...

Description: The contents of an electrical control panel may seem complex, but when broken down into the different sub- systems, it all starts to make sense. As you start to understand how the components, ...

Description: Similar to NEMA ratings by the National Electrical Manufacturers Association, the IP ratings are used define the level of sealing effectiveness of enclosures against penetration from foreign matter ...

Description: An unintentional electric path between a source of current and a grounded surface is referred to as a "ground fault." Ground faults occur when current is leaking somewhere. It is frequently the result ...

Description: The installation of Infrared Windows into electrical distribution equipment is an excellent way to kick-start a Condition Based Maintenance (CBM) Program. Standard round and rectangular IR windows are ...

Description: SLAC (Stanford Linear Accelerator Center) National Accelerator Laboratory has been helping create the future for over 50 years. The name SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory pays homage to the legacy ...

Description: At IRISS, we provide our customers unsurpassed quality at every touch point. We focus on what we do best by continuously improving infrared (IR) window technology, building reliable products, ...

Description: Because many industries, including manufacturing, food, chemical, water and wastewater processing, oil refining and petrochemical processing and others, have become more dependent on sophisticated ...

Description: Any properly applied lightning protection device is only as effective as the ground system attached to it! Ground resistance (impedance) is usually measured using the 3-stake fall of potential method. ...

Description: The sudden release of gamma rays (high energy rays) in a nuclear explosion will cause almost instant ionization (the removal of electrons from atoms) of the atmospheric gases that surround the ...