Product and Material Testing Reference Materials

Description: The development of below sea level deposits offshore the west coast of the Antarctic Peninsula was influenced by the variation of the continental ice shield and the amount of ice in the ocean, which ...

Description: Microscopic small glass spheres can be used for a many of applications: in mechanical engineering as an abrasion deterring element in grating components, in micro electronic mechanics as an adjusting ...

Description: The majority of all drugs have to - in order to unfold their full effectiveness - reach the bloodstream. Read details about particle size determination in this area. ...

Description: Important and always current is the analysis of lead in toys for children. Details about the effective sample comminution with FRITSCH Mills. ...

Description: Laser Scattering - How does it work? For a long time the measuring of the particle size distribution has been an utilized technology, based on the for a 100 years well understood scattering of light ...

Description: Milling cutters and drill bits are used for processing various materials. Depending on their intended application, they are made from different cemented carbide alloys. In order to determine the ...

Description: Every day, we use countless switches in a wide range of environments. Consider a morning routine: turning on the light in a humid bathroom, starting up the coffee maker, turning on/off the outdoor ...

Description: In today's hectic world, there are few people who can do without a wristwatch. The importance of this "cultural companion" has also changed in recent decades. For some, it just tells the time, helping ...

Description: Sometimes, due to injury or disease, load bearing joints such as knees or hips must be replaced with artificial orthopaedics. Such surgeries are not only extremely painful but also expensive and ...

Description: This application note discusses the use of FTIR to monitor the curing kinetics of cyanoacrylate adhesives. ...

Description: This note describes the technique and use of small amplitude oscillatory rheometry to measure viscometric properties of polymer solutions and melts, including dynamic modulus, relaxation time, linear ...

Description: Various techniques to measure yield stress using conventional shear rheometry are discussed & compared. ...

Description: The ability of matter, to transmit light waves, is specified as transparency. If "something positioned behind something" can be relatively clearly recognizable, normally the material is considered ...

Description: Particle sizes of chocolate and chocolate products strongly influence the mouthfeel of the chocolate product - a very small particle size would produce a "smooth" sensation in the mouth. To achieve ...

Description: Laser diffraction - for quick and dependable determination of the particle size. Areas of application cover practically all branches of industry. For example, laser diffraction can be found in the ...

Description: organizations in the mobile, stationary and consumer products field. Abuse tests are conducted to establish the reaction of cells, modules or batteries to conditions exceeding those expected to be ...

Description: Packaging for consumable goods must provide product protection. PET bottles, cans, and cartons have to withstand the compressive forces incurred during handling, transportation, and storage. ...

Description: Achieving third-party certification for your organization's product(s) and/or management system(s) is an important step in gaining a competitive advantage, while realizing market access and success. ...

Description: Ionic liquids are employed as powerful, environmentally neutral solvents and as electrically conducting fluids. Due to exact viscosity determination with the Lovis 2000 M/ME microviscometer essential ...

Description: The company wished to perform a compression test on the tamper evident ring, which could measure the maximum force used to â push it offâ the cap. As the tamper-evident closures are fitted onto ...

Description: The Aircraft Wheels and Brakes department at British Airways Plc are responsible for the repair and overhaul of the aircraft brake units on the Boeing 737, 747, 757, 777 and Airbus A319, A320 and A321 ...

Description: Atmospheric pressure plasma jets and its applications for material processing and biomedical treatment are of main interest recently in nonthermal plasma research [1]. Normally this kind of plasmas is ...

Description: Mercury intrusion porosimetry is one of only a few analytical techniques that permits an analyst to acquire data over such a broad dynamic range using a single theoretical model. Mercury porosimetry ...

Description: Elementary vs Fine Particles: The question embodied in the title might seem strange until you consider the many different ways particles play a part in science and engineering. For example, if you do ...

Description: In the literature, tens of shape parameters enable the morphology of particles to be characterised. One of the difficulties in morphological analysis resides in the choice of the shape parameter the ...

Description: Particle size analysis is based on the inversion of a diffusion matrix, the resolution of which is based on theories stemming from the equations of Maxwell. The Fraunhofer approximation and the Mie ...

Description: Many analytical methods exist for the characterization of products manufactured in the pharmaceutical industry. Measuring the size and shape of particles or emulsions is undoubtedly one of the ...

Description: CILAS Dry mode measurements use a new dispersion technology called Dry Jet Dispersion (DJD). This technology provides you with: - high dispersion efficiency, - great reproducibility. The DJD ...

Description: Silicon carbide (SiC) has physical and chemical properties suited to the most demanding industries. Its use is therefore very widespread, not just in electronics on account of its wide band ...

Description: Water is not a particulate contaminant and doesn't significantly affect engine normal performances. But because of the chance of rusting when water stays in contact with steel walls of components ...

Description: In order to drill a successful oil well, most drilling operators will use a good drilling fluid or mud (figure 1). Mud cools and lubricates the drilling tool, helps to attack the rock by injection ...

Description: The consumer success of chocolate is due to its recognised appeal to the taste buds, but also to the particle size of each of the ingredients. This is an important factor in the manufacturing process ...

Description: 80% of manufacturing processes include at least one reaction of catalysis. The applications of the catalyst are very widespread : chemical (selective hydrogenations and oxidations by catalytic and ...

Description: The photovoltaic effect is the ability of certain materials, particularly semi-conductors, to transform luminous energy into electricity. Since last five years, the need of photovoltaic cells is ...

Description: Some industries require strict control of particle size and particle shape in order to manufacture high quality products. These industries can benefit from the use of a particle size analyzer that can ...

Description: Different characterization principles are used to measure the size of polymeric microspheres. Let us first discuss the microscopic techniques that are based on the direct observation of a sample. One ...

Description: Polycrystalline microstructures can be well imaged using maps reconstructed from orientation data collected by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) in the scanning electron microscope (SEM). These ...

Description: Twin boundaries have unique properties relative to other types of boundaries. Some of these properties increase the strength and inhibit stress corrosion cracking of the material. Others improve ...

Description: During the austenite to martensite phase transformation varying numbers of product martensite grains with different crystallographic orientations can be obtained from one single austenite parent ...

Description: Fracture mechanics is well established to model the propagation of a crack in a continuum. However, the mechanisms by which a crack is nucleated are not well understood. The heterogeneous deformation ...

Description: Archaeometry is the application of scientific techniques developed for the physical and biological sciences to archaeology. Electron Backscatter Diffraction or EBSD has become relatively common in the ...

Description: High-deformation processing has been shown to produce an ultra-fine grain size in metallic materials. The resulting increase in strength is highly desirable for many metals. One such processing method ...

Description: Coupled with an Energy Dispersive x-ray System (EDS), the Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) is often used to analyze trace evidence. Automated identification of gun shot residue is an excellent ...

Description: In a recent issue of JOM, Jones and Thomas gave an overview of materials issues associated with the Hydrogen Economy. They point out that while there are economic and societal issues associated with ...

Description: Samples being analyzed in a scanning electron microscope can build up a charge from the beam. This happens when a sample or area (i.e. phase, particle, edge, etc.) does not conduct the electrical ...

Description: Thermoelectric materials can convert temperature differences into an electric potential or conversely an applied voltage into a temperature difference. This property leads to potential applications in ...

Description: The Max-Planck-Institute for Iron Research deals with the investigation of iron and steels and other related, mainly structural materials. EBSD-based orientation microscopy in the SEM has proven to be ...

Description: In many materials applications, the elastic behavior of a material is of critical importance. The elastic behavior can be described in terms of the elastic modulus. The elastic modulus relates the ...

Description: Intergranular degradation processes such as intergranular-cracking, -corrosion, and -creep cavitation have plagued numerous plant components in the nuclear, oil and gas, transportation, chemical and ...

Description: EDAX-TSL has been preparing samples for EBSD analysis for over 15 years now. It is often surprising to visitors to our lab, that we've been able to handle such a wide variety of samples without a fume ...

Description: The EDAX LambdaSpec LEXS is a wavelength dispersive X-ray spectrometer which features X-ray optics designed for parallel beam operation. The high collection optics provide high efficiency for light ...

Description: The EDAX LambdaSpec LEXS is a wavelength dispersive X-ray spectrometer which features X-ray optics designed for parallel beam operation. The high collection optics provide high efficiency for light ...

Description: The sample is a fine-grained chert from the Pilbara region in North-Western Australia and is approximately 3000 million years old. The quartz rock exhibits a strong foliation and OIM analysis was ...

Description: The crystallography and texture of oxide thin films have been studied using Orientation Imaging Microscopy (OIM). The crystallography of both the growth interface and the grain boundaries within the ...

Description: Automated Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) or Orientation Imaging Microscopy (OIM) has proven its utility in the characterization of microstructure in polycrystalline materials. In single phase ...

Description: Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) is an abundant natural material that has a number of polymorphs and can form in a wide range of biological systems e.g. shells of marine molluscs, corals and avian eggshells. ...

Description: Rolling and recrystallization form an integral part in the processing of metals and alloys. Rolling processes are usually carried out in a number of stages, with variations in temperature, strain and ...

Description: Stainless steels have applications in areas where surface appearance is an extremely important property. These may include areas such as kitchen work tops, cupboard facings and cladding for building ...

Description: Heat resisting alloys are strengthened by a number of different precipitate phases such as carbide and intermetallic phases, and their stability at high temperatures is essential to alloy design. ...

Description: Fuel cells are a major part of the conversation in addressing the world's energy needs. Fuel cells are highly efficient power sources with long term stability and low emissions. A fuel cell running on ...

Description: Some materials exhibit a texture dominated by the alignment of a particular crystal direction with a given sample direction. This type of texture is often observed in thin films. For example, aluminum ...

Description: OIM measurements were used to understand the unusual mechanical behavior observed in tantalum plate. The material used in this study was rolled and annealed vacuum arc-re-melted tantalum plate. ...

Description: Orientation imaging microscopy (OIM) has been used to investigate deformation and recrystallization during friction stir processing (FSP) of cast NiAl bronze materials. FSP is a novel adaptation of ...

Description: For Ti2AlNb intermetallics alloys, there is potential to improve the mechanical behavior through grain boundary engineering (GBE), where thermomechanical processing (TMP) treatments may alter the ...

Description: Since the early days of XEDS, analysts have taken advantage of chemical stoichiometry to aid in the calculations of compositions. EDS detectors with Be windows would not allow the measurement of ...

Description: Performing EDS analysis on a specimen with coarse particles on the surface can be difficult because of shadowing effects as shown in the schematic in figure 1. However, this effect can be mitigated in ...

Description: Performing EDS analysis on a specimen with rough surface such as a fracture surface can be difficult because of shadowing effects as shown in the schematic in figure 1. An additional complexity ...

Description: Increasing demand for energy is one of the most critical challenges facing the world today. Many nations are seeking to reduce their dependence on fossil fuels due to geopolitical instabilities and ...

Description: Classical archaeology techniques can generally answer the basic questions of identity, provenance and authenticity of ancient metallic artifacts. However, Archaeometallurgy can provide answers to more ...

Description: This is the second in a series of articles on gluten-free products. Most authorities agree that the gluten-free market is one of the fastest growing food group segments. While the texture properties, ...

Description: The choice of a particle size analyzer has never been more difficult. There are several techniques from which to choose and variations within each technique. Sales literature claims of specification ...

Description: Introduction: Zeta potential is a useful property to know for colloids, nanoparticles, and proteins. It is a substitute for the otherwise hard to measure surface charge. The zeta potential is not ...

Description: Organic waste through biomass conversion can be used for energy production and the synthesis of a variety of chemicals. One of the synthesis routes is via biogas to syngas catalytic conversion, by CO2 ...

Description: The desire to decrease carbon emissions is placing increased emphasis on the need to find new energy sources. Hydrogen is one such source with considerable potential as it can be easily produced from ...

Description: Measurement of oxygen permeation into bottles can be time consuming and complicated using traditional methods and instruments. In Addition these instruments are very expensive and can only be used to ...

Description: The measurement of oxygen ingress into sealed packages is a very important parameter for the Food Beverage and Pharmaceutical industries. The oxidation of the packaged product causes many problems ...

Description: Beer is an extraction of malted barley ("malt") in water, flavoured with hops and fermented with yeast. Malt is produced from barley in the so-called "malthouse" or "malting", which may be a part of a ...

Description: Unconfined yield strength is a property that influences many processes that handle bulk powder materials. Understanding which particle scale properties affect strength will help engineers design ...

Description: Nanoscale characterization of biological materials continues to be a challenge in the fields of mechanics and material testing. One example of this type of research is the characterization of the ...

Description: Basalt is a naturally occurring volcanic glass that has a nominal Young's modulus of 89 GPa.1 In the work described here, an Agilent T150 universal testing machine (UTM) was used to measure the ...

Description: This application note describes the development of a novel method for testing an element in a micro-electromechanical system (MEMS) device. The MEMS device that is the subject of this testing is ...

Description: Recognizing the role of particle scale properties on bulk unconfined yield strength is key to successful product design. All other important properties are affected by the degree of cohesive strength ...

Description: When the analysis is for product quality monitoring or personnel safety assurance, the concentrations measured are often in the ppb to low ppm levels. At these low concentrations, the loss of analyte ...

Description: In 1976, the total surface area covered with greenhouse films worldwide was approximately 600km2. In 1990, the corresponding surface area surpassed 2200 km2 and reached 7230 km2 in 2002. The ...

Description: Artificial Grass, also known as artificial or synthetic turf, is a grass-like, man-made surface manufactured from synthetic materials. It is most often used in sports arenas where sport games were ...

Description: Lion Apparel, a manufacturer of firefighting gear, needed to find the cause of the moisture barrier degradation in its firefighting turnout gear. They suspected the degradation was due to exposure to ...

Description: Testing car tires is an integral part of car inspection, as the tires make the only contact with the road. The tires together with brakes and steering mechanisms are crucial for safety. Different ...

Description: PET bottles are the shooting stars of the packaging industry, and the importance of polyethylene phthalate (PET) for a wide variety of applications continues to increase steadily. As PET is used more ...

Description: There are 17 million people or 6.2% of the population in the United States who have diabetes. About 60% to 70% of people with diabetes have mild to severe forms of nervous system damage that results ...

Description: Articular cartilage is often characterized as an isotropic elastic material with no interstitial fluid flow during instantaneous and equilibrium conditions, and indentation testing is commonly used to ...

Description: Hydrogels, which are water-swollen cross-linked polymers, are becoming increasingly important in a wide array of biomedical applications. One of the earliest uses of hydrogels was in the development ...

Description: One of the biggest recurring expenses runners face is the cost of new running shoes. Runners who regularly log forty, fifty, or sixty plus miles a week can easily use up a pair of training flats in ...

Description: Sonoelastography imaging is being investigated as a method of imaging the creation of thermal lesions induced by high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) or radio frequency (RF) ablation. When ...

Description: Mechanical properties of vocal-fold tissues are important in the study of the acoustics and biomechanics of voice production. Biomedical engineering researchers at MIT and voice scientists in the ...

Description: Orally disintegrating tablets (ODTs) are a new and exciting alternative to traditional tablet and liquid medication dosages. ODTs are a tablet form of medication that dissolves on the tongue, aided ...

Description: Bone is a living organ whose structure and function are affected by various factors including mode and frequency of loading, age, and disease.1 It is a hierarchical composite material that is made up ...

Description: There is currently a large demand for small diameter (< 5 mm) vascular grafts to replace diseased arteries of the coronary and peripheral vasculature. Particularly vascular grafts developed from ...

Description: Cartilage is a remarkably complex biocomposite material that exhibits outstanding compressive stiffness, toughness, strength, resiliency, and shock absorption. Diseases such as osteo-arthritis damage ...

Description: Heart valve prostheses have been used successfully in heart procedures since 1960 resulting in an overall improvement in the quality of life of the patients. Currently, there are two kinds of valves ...

Description: Recent examination of restored molars suggests that cyclic crack growth may contribute a greater understanding of restored tooth fracture. It was found that molars with typical amalgam restoration ...