Sensors, Transducers and Detectors Reference Materials
Reference Articles 2501 - 2600 of 3086
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Application: Convertible Roof Limit Position Sensor (.pdf)
Description: Convertible roof position whether open or closed require a magnetic proximity sensor to turn off the roof motor. The reed sensor can reliably sense both end positions and activate or deactivate the ...
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Application: Door Sensor-Fire, Safety Exit (.pdf)
Description: Normally reed sensors require a reed sensor and a magnet to carry out the sensing function. However, almost all emergency doors must be made of steel or a steel alloy. This steel interferes with the ...
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Application: Hospital Bed Position Detection Sensor (.pdf)
Description: There are a large number of applications requiring the detection of end limit position, where electric shock can be a real concern. Hospital beds, for example, need end position limits when adjusting ...
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Application: Hot Tub & Spa Water Heating System Sensor (pdf)
Description: An essential part of a hot tub is its heating system. There are very high wattage heaters that are designed into hot tubs for quick warm up. If for some reason the water is not flowing and the heaters ...
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Application: Linear Distance Measurement Sensor (.pdf)
Description: Often these measuring devices used a walking device having a wheel that translates circular motion into a linear distance. These devices used a mechanical means to establish the distance. These ...
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Application: Refrigerator or Appliance Door Sensor (.pdf)
Description: Appliances, particularly refrigerators and freezers, must have their doors closed at all times. If the door is left open for any length of time the compartments will warm up and the food contained ...
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Rapid Online Analysis of Acetylene for Hydrogenation Reactor Control Optimization (.pdf)
Description: Rapid analysis of acetylene (C2H2) in crack gas has been a significant technology gap in the olefin's industry for many years. Currently, the accepted best practice in the industry is on-line Gas ...
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Techncial Article: Typical Areas that Require Gas Detection
Description: There are many different applications for flammable, toxic and Oxygen gas detection. Industrial processes increasingly involve the use and manufacture of highly dangerous substances, particularly ...
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Technical Article: Flammable Gas Properties
Description: Flammable gases also have a temperature where ignition will take place, even without an external ignition source such as a spark or flame. This temperature is called the Ignition Temperature. ...
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Technical Article: Toxic Gas Hazards
Description: Some gases are poisonous and can be dangerous to life at very low concentrations. Some toxic gases have strong smells like the distinctive 'rotten eggs' smell of H2S. ...
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Proper Calibration Techniques (.pdf)
Description: Before any electrodes are placed into initial service and then about once a month thereafter, depending on the application, a two point calibration of the electrodes are required. A two point ...
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SpaciMS - Probing what is Hidden Within (.pdf)
From: Hiden AnalyticalDescription: Under working conditions, structured catalysts exhibit spatial and temporal distributions of the chemical species and temperature, that often lead them to operate under sub-optimal conditions. ...
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Moisture Measurement in SF6 - A Permanent, Environmentally Safe Solution (.pdf)
From: The Kahn CompaniesDescription: Most electric utilities and independent power producers use Sulfur Hexafluoride (SF6) as an arc quenching and insulating gas in high voltage circuit breakers and switchgear installed in their ...
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Importance of an Optimised TA-MS Interface (.pdf)
From: Hiden AnalyticalDescription: Evolved gas analysis techniques can be used to provide important information about decomposition or desorption processes when coupled to thermal analysis techniques such as DSC, TGA, and DTA. Mass ...
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Pressure Regulators vs. Backpressure Regulators
Description: Pressure regulators are often misunderstood and misapplied. Somebody might call it a "pressure sustaining valve," still another might know it as a "pressure reducer valve." To make matters worse, ...
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Acoustic Myths & Realities: The Egg Carton Test
Description: Since entering the acoustics arena in the seventies, we have heard many stories over and over. One of these is that the acoustic foams are no more than a fancy packaged version of egg cartons. After ...
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Acoustic Myths and Realities: Carpet on the Wall
Description: In the Disco Days of the late 1970 s, floor carpet was often used in studios as acoustical wall treatment. Orange shag was a particular favorite. We had an independent lab test Thick Pile Carpet ...
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Acoustical Myths and Realities (.pdf)
Description: This article was written for the October 2007 issue of Religious Product News. It covers misconceptions about how acoustical materials work and interact with a sound system. Topics include isolation ...
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Acoustics for the Church Studio (.pdf)
Description: This article was published in the July 2007 issue of Technologies for Worship Magazine. The control room serves to monitor and evaluate the recording and for this reason it is critical that it be ...
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Acoustics Then and Now (.pdf)
Description: This article was written for the November, 1999 issue of ProSoundNews. It traces growth in awareness of acoustics from our first showing anechoic wedge foam at AES New York in 1979 through the ...
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An Acoustical Balancing Act (.pdf)
Description: This article appeared in the January 2006 issue of Church Production. Churches share the same laws of physics with recording studios and concert halls, but must apply them differently. Achieving a ...
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Churches Should be Mindful of Sound Control from Above (.pdf)
Description: This article form the June 2007 issue of Church Executive discusses ceiling treatments. Reverberation reduction is essential to speech intelligibility. Retaining a proper level of reverberation is ...
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Cost-Effective Acoustical Treatments for your Home Studio (.pdf)
Description: This article was written for the Winter 2000 issue of Disc Makers Pro Studio Edition at the request of Keith Hatschek. It was later incorporated into his book The Golden Moment, Recording Secrets from ...
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Creating a Home Recording Environment (.pdf)
Description: This article from the August 2004 issue of Singer Magazine discusses the noise isolation and sound shaping concerns for studios. Recording environments in large, dedicated facilities as well as ...
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Don't Correct the Room, Build It Right (.pdf)
Description: This article was written at the suggestion of Custom Retailer for their October 2003 issue. A previous article had implied that room acoustics could be fixed with expensive equalizers. Here it is ...
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From Start to Finish - Safe and Sound Acoustics (.pdf)
Description: This was written at the request of Facility Safety Management for their December 2005 issue. Noise control is essential to hearing preservation and speech intelligibility in safety systems. Heavy mass ...
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Home Project Studio (A Four Part Series) (.pdf)
Description: This series article was written in 2007 for Disc Makers Pro Studio Edition e-Newsletter. It illustrates what can be done to create a professional working environment for recording in residential ...
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POP Art - There's More to Acoustics than the "Plain Old Panel" (.pdf)
Description: This article was written for the March - April 2003 issue of Your Church. It describes the construction, function and uses of various acoustical sound absorbing panels starting with the fabric covered ...
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Project Studio Project, Part One (.pdf)
Description: This article was written for the April 2005 issue of Singer Magazine (now Singer & Musician) by their publisher and Editor-in-chief Robert A. Lindquist. Acoustics First provided construction ...
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Project Studio Project, Part Two (.pdf)
Description: This article is the second part of a series written for the June 2005 issue of Singer Magazine, now Singer & Musician, by their publisher and Editor-in-chief Robert A. Lindquist. This final ...
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Sound Advice for Churches (.pdf)
Description: This profile of Acoustics first appeared in the September 2005 issue of Your Church Magazine. It describes how the company can provide a basic analysis of the sound of a sanctuary, multipurpose room ...
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Studio Acoustics 101: It's the Room (.pdf)
Description: This article was written for the September 2008 issue of Radio World and reprinted in their 2009 Sourcebook. Moving from a world class recording facility, where noise control and acoustics were ...
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Tales from the Input Side (.pdf)
Description: This article was written for the February 2002 issue of Home Toys. Listener may hear sounds not on a record. Recording engineers can trick the ear into hearing sounds beyond what is recorded. The room ...
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Transitional Flow Effects on Flow Meter Measuring Accuracy (.pdf)
Description: Flow Conditioners are widely recognized and applied in order to correct flow profile distortions caused by upstream flow disturbances. These unpredictable flow profile variations are neutralized by a ...
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What is the Difference Between Microphone Types?
From: Prosig USA, Inc.Description: We're often asked what is the difference between free field microphones, diffuse field microphones and pressure microphones. For a run-of-the-mill 1/2" inch microphone the short answer is nothing. ...
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Application: Automobile Brake Float Level Sensor (.pdf)
Description: When applying one's foot to the brake pedal, it is taken for granted that the braking mechanism will begin to slow or stop the vehicle. A hermetically sealed reed switch plays a key reliability role ...
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Application: Automobile Brake Fluid Level Sensor (.pdf)
Description: Designing a sensing system for under the hood of a vehicle presents difficult requirements. The sensor must operate at extreme temperatures that are as low as -40°C and as high as 125°C. ...
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Application: Automobile Brake Pedal Position Sensor (.pdf)
Description: When depressing the brake pedal, the auto's hydraulics engage and slow or stop the vehicle. In addition, two other functions can also occur, one of which is critical to the operation of the vehicle- ...
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Application: Battery Deactivation Controlled by a Reed Sensor (.pdf)
Description: When an automobile is completed at the factory, it is ready to be driven. However, the vehicle may sit in a completion lot for several days or weeks awaiting transportation. The vehicle is then ...
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Application: Coolant System Liquid Levels on Refrigerated Trucks (.pdf)
Description: Refrigerated trucks abound all over our roadways worldwide, many carrying 10s of thousands of dollars, Euros, etc. in fragile goods that must be kept cool, no matter what the outside temperature. ...
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Application: Electric Toothbrush On/Off Switch (.pdf)
Description: For years manufactures of electric toothbrushes have used mechanical slide switches to turn on and off the power to the toothbrush. The mechanical slide switches are subject to very harsh environments ...
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Application: Fuel Tank Multiple Level Detection (.pdf)
Description: All trucks and automobiles currently utilizing internal combustion engines have fuel tanks. To the driver of the fueled motor vehicle, one of the most important instruments on his front panel is his ...
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Application: Gearshift Sensor (.pdf)
Description: More and more electronic control is being used in automobiles and trucks in "drive by wire" implementations. For improved functionality and ease of control, the transmission shifter arm movement in ...
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Application: Hands-Free Barcode Scanner Sensor (.pdf)
Description: Most major food chains and retail stores process purchased items through their payment stations using electronic automatic barcode scanners. Most of these barcode scanners are equipped with a ...
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Application: Hydraulic End Limit Position Sensor (.pdf)
Description: Finally there is a reliable way to precisely detect the end limit positions of pistons and cylinders, particularly when that detection is critical to the operation and/or can result in a disaster if ...
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Application: Multi-Point Hot Fluid Liquid Level Sensor (.pdf)
Description: There are several laboratory fluid systems that required fluid level monitoring to help control very elaborate equipment processes. This new float sensor has four sensing positions, three of which are ...
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Application: Off Hook Telephone Switching (.pdf)
Description: In the past, disconnecting a telephone connection required the placement of the handset on the receiver. This placement activated a mechanical switch which created the electrical disconnect. The ...
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Application: Smart Utility Sensor for Gas, Water and Electricity (.pdf)
Description: Most households and businesses have meters reading and recording the volume of water used, the volume of gas used and/or the amount of electricity being used. Most of these meters used reed sensors to ...
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Application: Water Flow Volume Measurement Sensor (.pdf)
Description: There are a multitude of applications that require the measurement of the volume of water. Water filters must measure the amount of water passing through them in order to know when to change the ...
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Comparison Between Sound Intensity Probes and Acoustic Cameras
From: Prosig USA, Inc.Description: Sometimes we are asked about the differences between an acoustic camera and a sound intensity probe and which of the two is better for a particular application. There is no straightforward answer as ...
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Understanding Temperature
From: Cobham Slip RingDescription: A resistor's Temperature Coefficient of Resistance (TCR) tells how much its value changes as its temperature changes. It is usually expressed in ppm/°C (parts per million per degree Centigrade) ...
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Before You Plug and Play: Things to Consider (.pdf)
Description: Plug and play technology implemented according to IEEE P1451.4 promises to considerably simplify the configuration of automated measuring systems. An important point to keep in mind is that P1451.4 ...
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Reference Tools: Conversion Calculator
Description: Conversion calculator for pressure, load/force, temperature, displacement, torque and more... ...
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Technical Definitions of Terminology
Description: Technical definitions of terms for force, load, pressure and torque... ...
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Determining the -15 Bar (Permanent Wilt) Water Content of Soils with the WP4 (.pdf)
From: Meter GroupDescription: A soil moisture characteristic is a relationship between water potential and water content for a soil. Information from a moisture characteristic is frequently used to determine the plant available ...
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Generating a Soil Moisture Characteristic with the WP4
From: Meter GroupDescription: A moisture release curve, also known as a soil moisture characteristic, relates the water potential of a particular soil to its water content. This information is important for describing water ...
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Measuring Moisture Content Using Water Activity (.pdf)
From: Meter GroupDescription: The terms moisture content and water content are often used interchangeably and represent a measure of the quantity of water in a product. Moisture content provides valuable information about yield ...
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Measuring Water Content in Soil-less Media using ECH2O Sensors (.pdf)
From: Meter GroupDescription: Since the introduction of the ECH2O soil moisture probe, there has been considerable interest in using them to measure volumetric water content of soil-less media such as potting soils, rockwool, and ...
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Moisture Content of Pharm Produts by Water Activity (.pdf)
From: Meter GroupDescription: The terms moisture content and water content are often used interchangeably and represent a measure of the quantity of water in a product. Moisture content provides valuable information about yield ...
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Using the KD2 Pro and KD2 to Measure Thermal Conductivity of Fluids (.pdf)
From: Meter GroupDescription: The KD2 and KD2 Pro use the transient heated needle to measure thermal properties of solid and fluid media. With this technique, a 30 second heat pulse is applied to a needle, and the temperature ...
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Considerations for using Capacitive Position Sensors for Feedback in a Servo System (.pdf)
From: MicroSense, LLCDescription: In many ways, capacitive position sensors from ADE Technologies are ideally suited to be used as the feedback element in a servo system. Some of their specifications that are important for servo use ...
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Understanding Capacitive Position Sensors (.pdf)
From: MicroSense, LLCDescription: Capacitance sensing is a high precision, high bandwidth, non contact displacement measurement method which has been in common use for over 50 years. This white paper describes various characteristics ...
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How to Control Dampers for Energy Savings (.pdf)
Description: By automating damper controls on ovens, as much as a 50% reduction in fuel costs can be realized. As the cost of fuel increases, so do the concerns about energy optimization and safety. This ...
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Technical Information for Handling Reed Sensors REED (.pdf)
Description: This document contains precautions for handling and packaging Reed Sensors. ...
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Protecting Operators from Torque Reaction
From: Mountz, Inc.Description: When operating torque tools for high torque and high speed applications, it is extremely important to consider the issue of torque reaction of the tools being used. For torque tools such as torque ...
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The Importance of Torque Calibration
From: Mountz, Inc.Description: Regular torque tool calibration ensures repeatable accuracy and adherence to international standards. Torque calibration also guarantees the equipment is operating at peak performance and can ...
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Advances in Thermal Dispersion: Mass Flow Meter Accuracy (.pdf)
Description: Thermal flow measuring technology has come a long way since the introduction of thermocouple technology and early hot wire anemometers. Thermal technologies depend on heat transfer and traditionally ...
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Improved Gas Flow Monitoring in Heat Treating Processes Leads to Higher Efficiencies and Lower Costs (.pdf)
Description: It can be difficult at times to accurately monitor the use of consumables in many heat treating processes. A lot of the existing technology falls short when it comes to being highly accurate, capable ...
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Finding Safe Harbor for Electronic Sounding Devices (.pdf)
From: Challenge ElectronicsDescription: Just about any mariner knows the power and appeal of the open air and salty sea. It's a phenomenon that goes back long before mankind even dreamed of mechanical flight. Yet, despite his long-term ...
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Practicing Sound Medicine
From: Challenge ElectronicsDescription: Audible devices are playing an increasingly critical role in modern healthcare. Unfortunately, device manufacturers may not be aware of all the options available to them when it comes to sound ...
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Brooks Instrument Sends its Quantim Flow Controller into Space (.pdf)
From: Brooks InstrumentDescription: Delivering saline solution to a clinic for medical needs ... sounds simple enough, right? Not when that clinic is on the International Space Station, the moon or even Mars. Transporting medical fluids ...
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Understanding SDA II Jitter Calculation Methods (.pdf)
From: Teledyne LeCroyDescription: LeCroy's SDA II Serial Data Analysis Package includes revised jitter calculation methods and enhancements to the SDA user interface and feature set. In SDA II, the jitter calculation methods now ...
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Safety Ventilation to Reduce Costs (.pdf)
Description: This white paper discusses how to safely use flammability monitoring to effectively automate damper controls and reduce the costs of owning and operating ovens and dryers. ...
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Factors to Consider When Selecting an LVDT
From: Macro SensorsDescription: With the myriad of linear position sensors available on today's market, selecting the right LVDT (Linear Variable Differential Transformer)for an application involves two high level choices, based on ...
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LVDT Position Sensors for Large Multi-Mirror Astronomical Telescopes
From: Macro SensorsDescription: In newer astronomical observatories, the mirrors used in reflecting telescopes are not single mirrors cast in one piece like in the older telescopes, but in fact they use small mirror segments that ...
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LVDT Position Sensors For Use With Pneumatic Cylinders
From: Macro SensorsDescription: There are two general applications to use LVDTs with pneumatic cylinders described here: ...
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LVDTs to Measure Liquid Level with a Float
From: Macro SensorsDescription: Typically, liquid level measuring devices use the column height times the liquid density, which is pressure, to measure relatively large liquid levels. ...
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LVDTs Used In Power Generation Plants
From: Macro SensorsDescription: When discussing power plants, the common applications for LVDTs and derivative products like LVRTs are measuring valve positions in steam turbines and gas turbines. There are also some applications ...
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Using LVDTs for Detecting Shorted Turns in Bobbin Windings - An unusual application
From: Macro SensorsDescription: This application was originated when detecting shorted turns in an LVDT was necessary. When manufacturing an LVDT it is important to obtain low null voltage. In some cases it is impossible to obtain a ...
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Diversified Technologies for Fixed Gas Detection (.pdf)
From: General Monitors by MSADescription: The development of new gas detection technologies and advances in fire and gas safety methodologies have prompted a new thinking about the role of technology diversity in system effectiveness. Like ...
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Providing Steam Isolation & Temperature Protection
Description: All pressure transducers installed on steam lines should be isolated from the steam to protect them from damage. A steam pigtail syphon (such as the MODEL PT) may be used for this purpose. ...
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Temperature Conversion Chart
Description: To convert a temperature from Fahrenheit to Centigrade, locate the number in the center column corresponding to the temperature in degrees Fahrenheit and read the equivalent temperature in degrees ...
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Flow Measurement
Description: Measuring chilled water (or condenser water, or hot water) flow in your system can't be that difficult, can it? After all, you just stick some kind of flow measurement device in your pipe and read its ...
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Hazardous Atmospheres: An Introduction
Description: Automation dealers are continuing to gain business that was once reserved only for specialty and industrial contractors. It's a trend that is accelerating very rapidly, and the fastest growth is in ...
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Measuring Air Flow
Description: Building Automation Systems are often required to measure the actual air flow in air handling systems. Although there are many ways to measure air flow, the two most commonly used with BAS systems are ...
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Sensing and Controlling Humidity
Description: In the energy control business it is usually necessary to monitor humidity, as well as temperature. Sensing humidity cannot be done as easily or as accurately as temperature sensing. For example, a ...
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The pH Factor: Why Measure (.pdf)
Description: Often, the first question asked regarding measurement and control of pH is "What exactly is pH anyhow?" The "p" in pH is actually a mathematical symbol for the negative logarithm, and the "H" ...
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Balancing A Variable Flow Water System Will Ruin the Control System
Description: Many seminars and technical sessions have been held to outline procedures for balancing variable flow water systems. Most of these sessions recommend "Proportional Balance." When this technique is ...
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Designing & Commissioning Variable Flow Hydronic Systems (.pdf)
Description: Direct return Variable Flow Hydronic Systems (VFHS) must be designed to be self-balancing. However, in practice many design engineers will use customary pipe sizing routines, piping detail drawings, ...
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Do Averaging Sensors Average? (.pdf)
Description: An averaging temperature sensor (ATS) is generally used to maintain the design mixed air temperature of an airside economizer system. These devices can have sensing elements from 5 to 50 feet long and ...
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Pressure Gauge Installation, Operation and Maintenance (.pdf)
From: Winters InstrumentsDescription: This guide discusses important operation and maintenance considerations for pressure gauges, as well as how to install a gauge. ...
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Thermometer Installation, Operation and Maintenance (.pdf)
From: Winters InstrumentsDescription: This guide discusses important operation and maintenance considerations for thermometers, as well as how to install a thermometer. ...
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Gauge Configurations for High Temperature Applications (.pdf)
From: NOSHOK, Inc.Description: 140° F is the maximum recommended ambient media temperature for NOSHOK pressure gauges with brass wetted parts, and 212° F for gauges with stainless steel wetted parts. For applications in which ...
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How To Choose The Correct Hazardous Location Approved Pressure Transmitter in the Oil & Gas Industry (.pdf)
From: NOSHOK, Inc.Description: As offshore oil efforts push ever further into remote and inaccessible locations to find new oil sources, the equipment used in exploration, drilling and production has become increasingly complex, ...
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Three Process Conditions That Affect Accuracy And Performance Of Pressure Gauges (.pdf)
From: NOSHOK, Inc.Description: This article outlines several factors influencing the accuracy of a pressure gauge, and offers solutions on how to manage those influences for maximum gauge performance. The technology used in today's ...
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Eliminating NVH (.pdf)
From: Sciemetric InstrumentsDescription: When consumers shell out $10,000 or more for a new car, they have little tolerance for unexpected engine noise and vibration. Trouble is, today's vehicle technology has made controlling noise, ...
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Keys to Successful Engine NVH Testing (.pdf)
From: Sciemetric InstrumentsDescription: Many factors are driving the need for automotive manufacturers to implement more stringent noise, vibration and harshness (NVH) testing. Consumer tolerance for any perceived noise is minimal. The ...
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14-Dioxane App Note (.pdf)
From: Teledyne InstrumentsDescription: Low level detection of 1,4-dioxane is required in many labs. The detection limits change with regulatory requirements and can vary from state to state and country to country. As instrument sensitivity ...
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Accurate Gas Flow Measurement Improves Water Disinfection Process (.pdf)
Description: Many of today's large urban water treatment plants rely upon sophisticated chlorination processes in order to provide clean, sanitary water to millions of consumers in the US and around the globe. The ...
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Digester BioGas Flow Measurement (.pdf)
Description: The engineers at a municipal wastewater treatment utility were expanding their biogas digester system and were seeking an improvement over their existing, maintenance-intensive flow metering ...