Sensors, Transducers and Detectors Reference Materials
Reference Articles 2501 - 2600 of 3153
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Magnetic Alternative to Optical Encoding
From: Phoenix America, Inc.Description: Incremental encoders using magnetic technologies have been around a long time. Because of their robust nature, automotive designers have been using Low Resolution Magnetic Encoders for years in ...
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Advancing Thermal Mass Gas Flow Meters for 21st Century Process & Plant Needs
Description: Process, instrument and plant engineers are challenged continuously by productivity and plant operating efficiency objectives as well as ensuring plant compliance with an ever expanding list of ...
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Angular Encoders
Description: Using angular encoders to measure rotation. ...
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Mr Angle
Description: How to use Magnetoresistive Technology to measure angles. ...
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Mr Basics
Description: Fundamentals of Magnetorestrictive Sensors ...
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Novel Redundant Magnetoresistive Angle Sensors
Description: An AMR sensor is presented, which measures rotational angles with high precision and double redundancy, i.e. even if one sensor bridge breaks down, still an angular error can be calculated. from the ...
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Accelerometer Self-Testing
Description: Overview of ways end-users can test accelerometers to see if they are functioning. ...
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Accelerometers for Safety Labs
Description: Summary of accelerometers available for safety test applications in a laboratory environment. ...
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Aerospace-High g Testing
Description: Reviews a new generation of high g shock sensors and their applications. ...
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Using Double-Sided Tape for Accelerometer Mounting
Description: Empirical study that looks at the performance of accelerometers that are mounted with double-sided tape. ...
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Accelerometer Basics
Description: Suggestions on how to use accelerometers across a wide variety of applications. ...
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Triax Accelerometer for Race Car Performance
Description: Motorsports recognizes the need for a triaxial accelerometer that can provide accurate vibration results in pre-race trials, and real-time measurements during the course of an actual race. Precise ...
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Air/Gas Mass Flow Meter Improves Wastewater Treatment Processing Efficiency
Description: A fast growing city in the arid desert regions of the Western U.S. recently addressed the need to expand its municipal service for new residents and subdivisions. In recent years, the city's ...
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Monitoring Flower Storage Temperature Remotely
From: CAS DataLoggersDescription: CAS DataLoggers provided the remote flower storage temperature monitoring solution for a fresh flower supplier who needed to monitor the temperature in three remote storage sheds. Like everyone in the ...
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Thermistor Glossary
Description: Current-time characteristic: The current-time characteristic is the relationship at a specified ambient temperature between the current through a thermistor and time, upon the application or ...
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Piezoelectric Sensor Technology
Description: Shock and vibration can be expressed in terms of variations in displacement, velocity or acceleration with time. Acceleration is the most frequently used since the inertial load or destructive force ...
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Force Balance Sensor Technology
Description: The servo force balance accelerometer offers significant performance and accuracy advantages. This fact is evident by their extensive use in applications requiring 0.1% or better overall accuracy. ...
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Linear Variable Differential Transformer Technology
Description: Differential transformers are electromagnetic devices for translating the displacement of a magnetic armature into an AC voltage, which is a linear function of the displacement. They are basically ...
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Reference: Asphyxiant (Oxygen Deficiency) Hazard
Description: We all need to breathe the Oxygen (O2) in air to live. Air is made up of several different gases including Oxygen. Normal ambient air contains an Oxygen concentration of 20.9% v/v. When the Oxygen ...
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Reference: Toxic Exposure Limits (US & Europe)
Description: Occupational Exposure Limit values (OELs) are set by competent national authorities or other relevant national institutions as limits for concentrations of hazardous compounds in workplace air. ...
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Typical Areas that Require Gas Detection
Description: There are many different applications for flammable, toxic and Oxygen gas detection. Industrial processes increasingly involve the use and manufacture of highly dangerous substances, particularly ...
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Biogas To Energy-From Waste To Watts
From: CAS DataLoggersDescription: PMP Environmental's tapioca starch plant in Sumatra, Indonesia became increasingly concerned about the impact of greenhouse gas emissions and rising energy costs. ...
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Development of a Low-Maintenance Turbidimeter
Description: State-of-the-art turbidity meters for potable water analysis are based on the nephelometric measurement principle as described in Standard Methods and adopted by the ISO standards. Turbidity is ...
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Incineration
Description: This case study discusses why one company chose the PrevEx Flammability analyzers to monitor their oxidizers. ...
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GapmanGen3 Electronic Gap Measurement System for Aircraft Applications
From: Capacitec, Inc.Description: Process control improvement drives new gap measurement techniques Due to increased standardization of process improvement methods such as SPC and Six Sigma, aircraft structural component manufacturers ...
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Understanding Torque Values
From: Mountz, Inc.Description: Adequate clamping prevents relative motion between parts of the joint and leakage from joints containing gaskets. Measuring a bolts clamp force is difficult, especially under production assembly ...
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Displacement transducer selection considerations.
Description: The following factors should be considered when selecting an displacement transducer: 1. Measurement range 2. Armature type 3. ac-ac vs. dc-dc 4. Environment ...
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Conversion Tool for Pressure, Force, Volume, Linear Dispacement and more...
Description: Here is a free tool to help you quickly convert pressure, torque, force, volume, temperature, linear displacement, acceleration and weight between different units of measurement. ...
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Dynamic Wire: Crimp Force Monitoring
Description: The process of manufacturing wire and termination assemblies used in automobile wiring harnesses involves crimping terminals on the ends of individual wires of various lengths. The quality of this ...
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Load cell use in aerospace ground and flight test applications
Description: The use of load cells is prevalent in many aerospace ground and flight test applications. In considering this technology, it is important to understand why load cells are an ideal choice for aerospace ...
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Model SC Tank Level Indicator System
Description: Tanks with internal components, such as a heat exchanger, stirring devices or curved or tapered bottoms often require special programs to indicate tank volume accurately. ...
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Pressure Transducers Used to Control Water Supply
Description: Over 90% of the available water supply in the western United States is generated by melting snow in the Rocky, Cascade and Sierra Nevada mountains. The ever-changing weather patterns and the public ...
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pH Control in Ethylene Quenching
Description: In the production of olefins, naphtha or natural gas feedstock is steam cracked at high temperatures in a cracking furnace. This sets off a variety of reactions which are brought to a halt by ...
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pH Control in Sour Water Stripping
Description: In petroleum refining, so called sour water (process water that contains dissolved hydrogen sulfide - H2S) is produced in various processes. Due to environmental legislation and the fact that H2S is ...
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Optical Level Switches (.pdf)
From: Comus InternationalDescription: An optical level switch works by emitting a beam of infrared light within a prism and measuring the amount of light received. When the measured fluid reaches the sensor the amount of emitted light ...
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Continuous Monitoring of the Calorific Value of Mixed Gaseous Fuels (.pdf)
Description: This white paper describes the measurement challenges involved in monitoring the energy of gaseous fuels. ...
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Decorated Paper Printing Case History (.pdf)
Description: This case history describes how one customer used PrevEx flammabiltiy analyzers to reduce ventilation air & fuel costs without affecting production rates or violating safety directives. ...
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Solar Panels Case History (.pdf)
Description: This case history describes how one customer used PrevEx flammabiltiy analyzers to monitor its thin-film deposition onto solar cells. ...
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Solvent Recovery Case History (.pdf)
Description: This case history describes how a customer used the SNR650 Flame Ionization Detector to monitor the switching of its carbon beds in a solvent recovery system for optimum performance. ...
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Waste Wood Case History (.pdf)
Description: This case history describes how the CalorVal BTU analyzer is used to provide a real-time measurement of the Toal Calorific Value of a clean producer gas formed from the gasification of waste wood ...
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Important Considerations When Selecting Digital Encoder Outputs (.pdf)
From: Encoder Products CompanyDescription: There are several important factors to consider when choosing the digital output for your encoder feedback system, but navigating through the options doesn't have to be difficult. ...
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Clamp-On Current Monitors Achieve Wide Bandwidth (.pdf)
Description: Viewing and measurement of electric current is so important that a variety of devices and methods have been developed and refined over the years. In its simplest form, current may be measured by ...
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Application Note: Speed Sensing (.pdf)
From: Honeywell Sensing & IoTDescription: Speed sensing can be achieved with a variety of approaches. One solution is to use a ferrous metal gear target with a geartooth sensor. The geartooth passes by the sensor face which concentrates the ...
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Infrared Thermometry Understanding and using the Infrared Thermometer (.pdf)
Description: Advances in electronic and detector technology have resulted in a variety of non-contact infrared thermometers (IR) for industrial and scientific use. It is important to understand their major ...
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Medical Application Note: Sensors and Flexible Heaters in Sleep Apnea Machine Applications (.pdf)
From: Honeywell Sensing & IoTDescription: Sleep apnea is a repeated cessation of breathing during sleep. A main treatment option is the use of a Positive Airway Pressure (PAP) machine... ...
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Electrochemical Oxygen Sensors (.pdf)
Description: The oxygen sensors used in BW instruments are of the self-powered, diffusion-limited, metal-air battery type. They are comprised of an anode, an electrolyte and an air cathode. Oxygen sensors are ...
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Using Infrared Technology for Sensing and Remote Control Application (.pdf)
Description: Infrared (IR) technology addresses a broad variety of wireless applications, especially in the areas of sensing and remote control. Today's newest products such as cell phones, digital cameras, and ...
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Technical Center: Laws of Compressed Air
Description: Basic law, air flow principles, pressure drop, flow rate performance. ...
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Biofuels Case Study (.pdf)
Description: This case history describes how one Company uses the CalorVal BTU Analyzer to measure the total calorific value of its syngas in order to optimize engine performance. ...
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Carbon Components (.pdf)
Description: This case history describes how one Company uses PrevEx Flammability Analyzers to monitor their batch ovens, providing safety and improving production as well. ...
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Single Solvent Case History
Description: This case history describes how one Company uses the AcuPro Infrared Process Analyzer to monitor its process for solvent leakage to save product, reduce operating costs and optimize its process. ...
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Waste Fuel (.pdf)
Description: This case history describes how one Company uses the CalorVal BTU Calorific Analyzer to determine the BTU content of the fuel energy it produces from petroleum based waste products. ...
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Converging Technologies: Continuous and Periodic Vibration Monitoring (.pdf)
Description: Until now, virtually every vibration data collector has been a special purpose computer. Each system has a set of assembler-type programs, designed to perform a limited set of tasks, and many systems ...
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Technical Article: Typical Areas That Require Gas Detection
Description: There are many different applications for flammable, toxic and Oxygen gas detection. Industrial processes increasingly involve the use and manufacture of highly dangerous substances, particularly ...
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Application: Gas Tank Lid Monitoring Sensor (.pdf)
Description: In and around the gas tank and its filling lid is consider a highly explosive area. Anything that can possible cause a spark could potentially ignite the fuel. Use of an electromechanical sensor to ...
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Application: Home and Business Electric Window Shutters/Shades/Blinds Use Reed Sensors to Control Their Position (.pdf)
Description: Many households and businesses have now been going over to the use of programmable shutters/blinds/shades where their exact position can be programmed and later executed to that position with the use ...
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Application: Hotel Security Card Readers Use Reed Sensors (.pdf)
Description: Card readers have come under increased use in hotels and a host of other card detection activities. With the dramatic increase in use, the quality and reliability have become big factors in shaping ...
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Application: Monitoring Vehicle Power Windows Using A Reed Sensor (.pdf)
Description: Power windows have been improving their performance over the years and now use Reed Sensors to control the motors as they reach their end limits. Also, if an object impedes the window's progress ...
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Application: Top Loading Washing Machines Use Reed Sensors to Detect if the Lid is Open or Closed (.pdf)
Description: Some top loading clothes washers have the drum rotating perpendicular to the door and some have the drum rotating in the same plane as the top. In the former of the two rotating directions, opening ...
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Greenhouse Gas Flow Monitoring (.pdf)
Description: The EPA recently implemented new regulations entitled, "Mandatory Reporting of Greenhouse Gases." The new regulations called for certain facilities emitting 25,000 metric tons or more per year of ...
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Do Missing Tacho Pulses Mean The End Of The Road For Your Test?
From: Prosig USA, Inc.Description: Creating a stable, good quality tacho signal can be one of the hardest parts of analyzing rotating machinery. So what happens if our carefully designed and implemented tacho misses a few pulses? The ...
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Battery Rooms (.pdf)
Description: This case history describes how one company used a SmartMaxII catalytic diffusion system to effectively and economically monitor for hydrogen gas in the 0-100% LFL range. ...
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Application: Cargo & Freight Theft Security Alarm Sensor
Description: Large truck containers and/or shipping, freight and cargo containers usually contain valuable equipment worth millions of dollars/euros. So they can attract interest of unsavory characters wanting ...
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Application: Energy Efficient Ceran Top Stove Burner Control Sensor
Description: Knob controls on stoves have now become a thing of the past. First seen on flameless ceran stoves, Reed Sensors are used to control the various power settings for each burner. The Reed Sensor ...
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Application: AC & Humidifier Condensate Reservoir Level Detection (.pdf)
Description: A typical unit can accumulate up to 15 gallons (60 liters) of water in a single day. With this much water being produced, care must be taken with the reservoirs to prevent water overflow. Reed sensors ...
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Application: Adaptable High Temp Multi-Float Level Sensor (.pdf)
Description: High temperature liquid environments have been around for a long time without any accurate, easy method of measuring their liquid levels. MEDER has solved this problem with their hermetically sealed ...
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Application: Car Hood Position Alarm Sensor (.pdf)
Description: The most costly items of an automobile are under the hood of the car. Thieves, once the hood of the car is open, can unfasten the engine, battery, etc. very quickly. Having a sensor that is tied into ...
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Application: Convertible Roof Limit Position Sensor (.pdf)
Description: Convertible roof position whether open or closed require a magnetic proximity sensor to turn off the roof motor. The reed sensor can reliably sense both end positions and activate or deactivate the ...
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Application: Door Sensor-Fire, Safety Exit (.pdf)
Description: Normally reed sensors require a reed sensor and a magnet to carry out the sensing function. However, almost all emergency doors must be made of steel or a steel alloy. This steel interferes with the ...
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Application: Hospital Bed Position Detection Sensor (.pdf)
Description: There are a large number of applications requiring the detection of end limit position, where electric shock can be a real concern. Hospital beds, for example, need end position limits when adjusting ...
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Application: Hot Tub & Spa Water Heating System Sensor (pdf)
Description: An essential part of a hot tub is its heating system. There are very high wattage heaters that are designed into hot tubs for quick warm up. If for some reason the water is not flowing and the heaters ...
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Application: Linear Distance Measurement Sensor (.pdf)
Description: Often these measuring devices used a walking device having a wheel that translates circular motion into a linear distance. These devices used a mechanical means to establish the distance. These ...
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Application: Refrigerator or Appliance Door Sensor (.pdf)
Description: Appliances, particularly refrigerators and freezers, must have their doors closed at all times. If the door is left open for any length of time the compartments will warm up and the food contained ...
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Rapid Online Analysis of Acetylene for Hydrogenation Reactor Control Optimization (.pdf)
Description: Rapid analysis of acetylene (C2H2) in crack gas has been a significant technology gap in the olefin's industry for many years. Currently, the accepted best practice in the industry is on-line Gas ...
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Techncial Article: Typical Areas that Require Gas Detection
Description: There are many different applications for flammable, toxic and Oxygen gas detection. Industrial processes increasingly involve the use and manufacture of highly dangerous substances, particularly ...
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Technical Article: Flammable Gas Properties
Description: Flammable gases also have a temperature where ignition will take place, even without an external ignition source such as a spark or flame. This temperature is called the Ignition Temperature. ...
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Technical Article: Toxic Gas Hazards
Description: Some gases are poisonous and can be dangerous to life at very low concentrations. Some toxic gases have strong smells like the distinctive 'rotten eggs' smell of H2S. ...
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Proper Calibration Techniques (.pdf)
Description: Before any electrodes are placed into initial service and then about once a month thereafter, depending on the application, a two point calibration of the electrodes are required. A two point ...
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SpaciMS - Probing what is Hidden Within (.pdf)
From: Hiden AnalyticalDescription: Under working conditions, structured catalysts exhibit spatial and temporal distributions of the chemical species and temperature, that often lead them to operate under sub-optimal conditions. ...
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Moisture Measurement in SF6 - A Permanent, Environmentally Safe Solution (.pdf)
From: The Kahn CompaniesDescription: Most electric utilities and independent power producers use Sulfur Hexafluoride (SF6) as an arc quenching and insulating gas in high voltage circuit breakers and switchgear installed in their ...
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Importance of an Optimised TA-MS Interface (.pdf)
From: Hiden AnalyticalDescription: Evolved gas analysis techniques can be used to provide important information about decomposition or desorption processes when coupled to thermal analysis techniques such as DSC, TGA, and DTA. Mass ...
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Pressure Regulators vs. Backpressure Regulators
Description: Pressure regulators are often misunderstood and misapplied. Somebody might call it a "pressure sustaining valve," still another might know it as a "pressure reducer valve." To make matters worse, ...
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Acoustic Myths & Realities: The Egg Carton Test
Description: Since entering the acoustics arena in the seventies, we have heard many stories over and over. One of these is that the acoustic foams are no more than a fancy packaged version of egg cartons. After ...
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Acoustic Myths and Realities: Carpet on the Wall
Description: In the Disco Days of the late 1970 s, floor carpet was often used in studios as acoustical wall treatment. Orange shag was a particular favorite. We had an independent lab test Thick Pile Carpet ...
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Acoustical Myths and Realities (.pdf)
Description: This article was written for the October 2007 issue of Religious Product News. It covers misconceptions about how acoustical materials work and interact with a sound system. Topics include isolation ...
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Acoustics for the Church Studio (.pdf)
Description: This article was published in the July 2007 issue of Technologies for Worship Magazine. The control room serves to monitor and evaluate the recording and for this reason it is critical that it be ...
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Acoustics Then and Now (.pdf)
Description: This article was written for the November, 1999 issue of ProSoundNews. It traces growth in awareness of acoustics from our first showing anechoic wedge foam at AES New York in 1979 through the ...
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An Acoustical Balancing Act (.pdf)
Description: This article appeared in the January 2006 issue of Church Production. Churches share the same laws of physics with recording studios and concert halls, but must apply them differently. Achieving a ...
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Churches Should be Mindful of Sound Control from Above (.pdf)
Description: This article form the June 2007 issue of Church Executive discusses ceiling treatments. Reverberation reduction is essential to speech intelligibility. Retaining a proper level of reverberation is ...
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Cost-Effective Acoustical Treatments for your Home Studio (.pdf)
Description: This article was written for the Winter 2000 issue of Disc Makers Pro Studio Edition at the request of Keith Hatschek. It was later incorporated into his book The Golden Moment, Recording Secrets from ...
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Creating a Home Recording Environment (.pdf)
Description: This article from the August 2004 issue of Singer Magazine discusses the noise isolation and sound shaping concerns for studios. Recording environments in large, dedicated facilities as well as ...
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Don't Correct the Room, Build It Right (.pdf)
Description: This article was written at the suggestion of Custom Retailer for their October 2003 issue. A previous article had implied that room acoustics could be fixed with expensive equalizers. Here it is ...
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From Start to Finish - Safe and Sound Acoustics (.pdf)
Description: This was written at the request of Facility Safety Management for their December 2005 issue. Noise control is essential to hearing preservation and speech intelligibility in safety systems. Heavy mass ...
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Home Project Studio (A Four Part Series) (.pdf)
Description: This series article was written in 2007 for Disc Makers Pro Studio Edition e-Newsletter. It illustrates what can be done to create a professional working environment for recording in residential ...
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POP Art - There's More to Acoustics than the "Plain Old Panel" (.pdf)
Description: This article was written for the March - April 2003 issue of Your Church. It describes the construction, function and uses of various acoustical sound absorbing panels starting with the fabric covered ...
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Project Studio Project, Part One (.pdf)
Description: This article was written for the April 2005 issue of Singer Magazine (now Singer & Musician) by their publisher and Editor-in-chief Robert A. Lindquist. Acoustics First provided construction ...
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Project Studio Project, Part Two (.pdf)
Description: This article is the second part of a series written for the June 2005 issue of Singer Magazine, now Singer & Musician, by their publisher and Editor-in-chief Robert A. Lindquist. This final ...
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Sound Advice for Churches (.pdf)
Description: This profile of Acoustics first appeared in the September 2005 issue of Your Church Magazine. It describes how the company can provide a basic analysis of the sound of a sanctuary, multipurpose room ...
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Studio Acoustics 101: It's the Room (.pdf)
Description: This article was written for the September 2008 issue of Radio World and reprinted in their 2009 Sourcebook. Moving from a world class recording facility, where noise control and acoustics were ...
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Tales from the Input Side (.pdf)
Description: This article was written for the February 2002 issue of Home Toys. Listener may hear sounds not on a record. Recording engineers can trick the ear into hearing sounds beyond what is recorded. The room ...