Power Supply and Conditioning Reference Materials
Reference Articles 501 - 600 of 637
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Trailer Electrical Interfaces - Part 2: Centralized Power Switching Regulators (DC-DC Converters)
From: SEC America, LLCDescription: While we at SEC America have offered many power converter requirements through the careful selection of off-the shelf unit specifications, we will build to custom mechanical and electrical ...
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EMC filters for medical devices
From: Schaffner EMC Inc.Description: Schaffner, the market leader in EMC filters and power quality devices, has consistently extended its proven IEC Inlet family with single- and dual stage IEC inlet filter adapted to the market needs. ...
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How to Diagnose Power Supply Problems
From: Polytron Devices, Inc.Description: Before leaving the plant, power supplies are always subject to performance testing. These tests include line regulation at full load and operating temperature. The problem with these ideal testing ...
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Providing Reliable Power for VoIP Network Wiring Closets
From: Tripp Lite by EatonDescription: VoIP is rapidly becoming the standard for voice communications in business, government, education, government and healthcare. It offers capabilities that far exceed traditional phone systems, with ...
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The Benefits of Using Digital Power Modules
Description: Digital power modules provide the benefits of both digital power and power modules, and support the growing industry trend toward high-efficiency power conversion. This article explores the benefits ...
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Extend the Life of Your Power Supplies
From: Polytron Devices, Inc.Description: When choosing a power supply for your electronics application, pay close attention to its input voltage range. Sounds obvious, but engineers often forget to consider the possible range of input ...
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Improving the Availability and Safety of Traction Power Supply Systems
Description: Special components for the DC feeding systems ensure faultless emergency shutdown and prevent unnecessary disruptions to operation. ...
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Common Mode Noise
Description: Considerations about common mode noise. ...
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Glossary of Terms
Description: A glossary of power-supply-related terms. ...
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Measurement Techniques
Description: A list of common voltage measurement techniques. ...
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Principles of Power Conversion
Description: Comparison of several different converter designs. ...
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App Note: Green Mode Fairchild Buck Switch FSL336LR
Description: This application note describes a detailed design method and procedure for a buck offline converter. ...
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Building Blocks for Making Every Design "Fit"
Description: The demands on power supplies-as well as the engineers and semiconductor components used to build them-will continue to increase over the next five years. Market growth is projected to be 6.5% CAGR ...
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Inverter Buying Guide
From: Tripp Lite by EatonDescription: A power inverter is a device that converts low-voltage DC (direct current) power to standard household AC (alternating current) power. An Inverter allows you to operate household appliances and ...
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Active Harmonic Filters vs. 18-Pulse Drives
From: Mesta Electronics, Inc.Description: The following document will provide a comparison of 18-pulse drives with the use of 6-pulse drives combined with an active harmonic filter. However before we can compare these two systems we need to ...
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WP #120: Guidelines for Specification of Data Center Power Density
From: Schneider Electric ITDescription: Conventional methods for specifying data center density are ambiguous and misleading. Describing data center density using Watts / ft2 or Watts / m2 is not sufficient to determine power or cooling ...
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WP #127: A Quantitative Comparison of High Efficiency AC vs. DC Power Distribution for Data Centers
From: Schneider Electric ITDescription: This paper presents a detailed quantitative efficiency comparison between the most efficient DC and AC power distribution methods, including an analysis of the effects of power distribution efficiency ...
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WP #150: Power and Cooling Capacity Management for Data Centers
From: Schneider Electric ITDescription: High density IT equipment stresses the power density capability of modern data centers. Installation and unmanaged proliferation of this equipment can lead to unexpected problems with power and ...
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WP #157: Eco-mode: Benefits and Risks of Energy-saving Modes of UPS Operation
From: Schneider Electric ITDescription: Many newer UPS systems have an energy-saving operating mode known as "eco-mode" or by some other descriptor. Nevertheless, surveys show that virtually no data centers actually use this mode, because ...
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WP #163: Containerized Power and Cooling Modules for Data Centers
From: Schneider Electric ITDescription: Standardized, pre-assembled and integrated data center facility power and cooling modules are at least 60% faster to deploy, and provide a first cost savings of 13% or more compared to traditional ...
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WP #42: Ten Cooling Solutions to Support High-density Server Deployment
From: Schneider Electric ITDescription: High-density servers offer a significant performance per watt benefit. However, depending on the deployment, they can present a significant cooling challenge. Vendors are now designing servers that ...
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PDU Installation Options with Diagrams
From: Tripp Lite by EatonDescription: A Power Distribution Unit is a versatile component in your power infrastructure. Here, you will find a few examples of PDU installations that meet specific rack design goals with diagram examples. ...
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Designing Line Power Networks for FTTH Applications
From: Alpha Technologies Ltd.Description: As Fiber-to-the-Home (FTTH) deployments in greenfield applications have saturated and telcos begin to look at rehabbing existing neighborhoods, many carriers have begun investigating the use of ...
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Power Save™ Reducing Energy Consumption in Alpha Cordex Power Plants
From: Alpha Technologies Ltd.Description: Telecom service providers are among the largest users of energy, accounting for approximately 1% of the global energy consumption. The opportunity to affect both the environment and the bottom line ...
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Multipliers - Analysis and Design
Description: The following information provides general information and basic guidance necessary for the design of a multiplier assembly. ...
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CAUTION FOR SAFETY AND PRODUCTS
From: Cosel U.S.A., Inc.Description: The earth terminal of power supply should be connected to the equipment where power supply is placed as thicker and shorter to protect electric shock or noise interference. ...
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Technical Notes for Power Suppies
From: Cosel U.S.A., Inc.Description: Regulated DC voltage is required for semiconductor devices such as ICs and Transistors to function. Regulated voltage can be generated from commercial AC lines with an AC to DC power supply or from DC ...
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Workpiece identification, solenoid valve actuation and clamp confirmation on pallet
From: B&Plus USA, Inc.Description: Wireless power supply success story about workpiece management on pallet. ...
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DC/DC CONVERTER Logic On/Off
From: GAIA ConverterDescription: This application note describes how to use the On/Off function together with GAÏA Converter modules. The logic On/Off function allows the user to inhibit the output of the DC/DC converter using a ...
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DC/DC CONVERTER Modules Assembly Tips
From: GAIA ConverterDescription: This document is intended to provide guidance in utilizing soldering practices to make high quality connections of GAIA Converter modules to printed circuit boards. These assembly recommendations are ...
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DC/DC CONVERTER Output Ripple & Noise
From: GAIA ConverterDescription: DC/DC switching power converters are natural generators of noise. There are two types of noise: conducted noise and radiated noise which are present at the fundamental switching frequency of the power ...
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DC/DC CONVERTER Thermal Management
From: GAIA ConverterDescription: As with any power electronic circuitry, DC/DC converter do not transform all input power to output power; a portion of input power is dissipated as heat. The amount of heat dissipated is dependent on ...
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Designing Battery Charger using GAIA Converter 150W DC/DC Converter
From: GAIA ConverterDescription: A battery charger is a device used to put energy into a battery by forcing an electric current trhough it. The charge current depends upon the technology and capcity of the battery being charged. ...
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Modular Power Architecture Up to 300W Power for 24V/28V Avionics/Military Applications
From: GAIA ConverterDescription: Converter DC/DC converters and front-end modules to build complete power supply that meets avionic and military standards . This modular power architecture is dedicated for 24V and 28V bus powered ...
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Modular Power Architecture Up to 50W Power for 24V/28V Avionics/Military Applications
From: GAIA ConverterDescription: This application note describes how to use GAIA Converter DC/DC converters and front-end modules PGDS-50 and HUGD-50 to build a complete power supply that meets avionics/military standards. This ...
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Safety Standards UL1950 & EN60950
From: GAIA ConverterDescription: For the majority of DC/DC converter applications in the telecommunications and datacommunications equipment, the applicable safety standards are UL1950 (and its Canadian equivalent C22.2 No. 950-95) ...
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Using COTS Converter for Avionics/Military Applications
From: GAIA ConverterDescription: This application note underlines the different requirements that are commonly in use for avionics and military power supplies and describes how to comply using GAIA Converter COTS products. ...
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Using Modular DC/DC Converter for Battery Powered Railway Applications
From: GAIA ConverterDescription: This application note underlines the different requirements that are in use for battery powered railway applications and describes how to comply with GAIA Converter DC/DC modules in the design of ...
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Using Modular DC/DC Converter for Industrial/Electricity Related Applications
From: GAIA ConverterDescription: This application note underlines the different requirements in electronic systems used in Electrical Power Plant, High Voltage Substations, Telecontrol Centers or Low Voltage Distribution Controls. ...
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Power Measurement Application Note
From: Weschler InstrumentsDescription: Power is the rate at which work is done (work/time). It is also the rate at which energy is generated or used. For dc systems, power is expressed in watts: P=VdcAdc. For ac systems, the determination ...
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Power Quality Primer
From: Weschler InstrumentsDescription: Regardless of popular belief, Power Quality is NOT difficult to understand. The problem is finding reliable sources of such information, provided in an easy to understand way with real world examples. ...
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WP #120: Guidelines for Specification of Data Center Power Density
Description: Conventional methods for specifying data center density are ambiguous and misleading. Describing data center density using Watts / ft2 or Watts / m2 is not sufficient to determine power or cooling ...
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WP #127: A Quantitative Comparison of High Efficiency AC vs. DC Power Distribution for Data Centers
Description: This paper presents a detailed quantitative efficiency comparison between the most efficient DC and AC power distribution methods, including an analysis of the effects of power distribution efficiency ...
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WP #150: Power and Cooling Capacity Management for Data Centers
Description: High density IT equipment stresses the power density capability of modern data centers. Installation and unmanaged proliferation of this equipment can lead to unexpected problems with power and ...
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WP #157: Eco-mode: Benefits and Risks of Energy-saving Modes of UPS Operation
Description: Many newer UPS systems have an energy-saving operating mode known as "eco-mode" or by some other descriptor. Nevertheless, surveys show that virtually no data centers actually use this mode, because ...
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WP #163: Containerized Power and Cooling Modules for Data Centers
Description: Standardized, pre-assembled and integrated data center facility power and cooling modules are at least 60% faster to deploy, and provide a first cost savings of 13% or more compared to traditional ...
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WP #42: Ten Cooling Solutions to Support High-density Server Deployment
Description: High-density servers offer a significant performance per watt benefit. However, depending on the deployment, they can present a significant cooling challenge. Vendors are now designing servers that ...
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CISPR 17 Measurements
From: Schaffner EMC Inc.Description: The use of power line filter insertion loss/attenuation curve data (as published by filter manufacturers) has been a frustrating experience to less experienced EMC engineers for a very long time. ...
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Paralleling Power Sources Which Share a Common Neutral
Description: When paralleling power sources that share a common neutral, care must be taken to limit neutral circulating currents. In these applications, it is important that voltages produced by the generating ...
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Exploring the Benefits of Advanced AC Power Source Technology
Description: Versatile test equipment proves to be one of the most valuable investments that electrical product manufacturers can make. This whitepaper discusses incorporating Modular AC Power Sources into a ...
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Power Factor Correction
Description: This whitepaper discusses power factor correction (PFC), which is a commonly employed method to reduce harmonic distortion and increase efficiency in an AC power source. ...
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Power Factor vs. Crest Factor
Description: Two critical quantities to specify when dealing with AC power sources are the power factor (PF) and the crest factor (CF). While both are different in their meaning, each provides insight about the ...
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To Float or Not to Float? Analysis of a floating vs. grounded output
Description: Grounding electrical circuits is necessary for safety in the event that a fault occurs within the system. However, grounded systems can present their own set of problems. Small differences in ...
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Total Harmonic Distortion and Effects in Electrical Power Systems
Description: Power sources act as non-linear loads, drawing a distorted waveform that contains harmonics. These harmonics can cause problems ranging from telephone transmission interference to degradation of ...
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True vs. Apparent Power
Description: This whitepaper defines the difference between True Power and Apparent Power and explains the various aspects of power. ...
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Understanding the Difference between Resolution and Accuracy Description
Description: This whitepaper discusses the difference between Resolution and Accuracy as it pertains to electronic equipment and ac power sources. ...
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Why Making the Move from a Variable Transformer to a VariPLUS is the Right Decision
Description: No matter what the industry, advances in technology continue to improve the way that companies do business. Manufacturers of electrical products should expect no different. ...
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Accurate Feedthrough Capacitor Performance Measurement at High Frequencies
From: NexTek, LLCDescription: Accurately measuring High Frequency Feedthrough Performance to Over 1GHz. ...
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Compact Filtering for High Current & High Frequency Applications (Part 2)
From: NexTek, LLCDescription: Understanding shunt current levels, dissipation, and the associated temperature rise of High Current Feedthrough Filters ...
- A Transformerless Power Supplies: Resistive and Capacitive (.pdf)
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The Power of Green: Mitsubishi 9900A Series High Efficiency True On-Line Double Conversion Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) (.pdf)
Description: Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) Systems are one of the core components of mission critical infrastructure supporting all business sectors today. Of the different UPS topologies available, true ...
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How to Use Linux in Industrial Automation (.pdf)
From: Moxa Inc.Description: The Linux OS can be found in many unexpected places in our daily lives. From GPS navigators to smart phones, countless devices now run the Linux kernel. As a free and open-source solution, Linux ...
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IEEE-488 Tutorial
From: L-com, Inc.Description: Hewlett Packard designed the original bus in the 1960's. It was later accepted as a standard in 1978 by IEEE/ANSI as IEEE-488. At the time, it was revolutionary, allowing many convenient applications. ...
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Lightning and Surge Protectors Tutorial
From: L-com, Inc.Description: Lightning and surge protectors are devices whose purpose is to eliminate transients (spikes) through a conductor (typically a cable) which are induced by nearby lightning activity. They are used to ...
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The Latest Developments in PoE Technology: PoE Plus Has Arrived (.pdf)
From: Moxa Inc.Description: How exactly does the new PoE Plus standard affect PoE technology? This white paper identifies the key additional benefits offered by PoE Plus and explores the enormous potential of this new technology ...
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It's More than Green: A Holistic Approach to Energy Systems Can Make Telcom Greener (.pdf)
From: Lineage PowerDescription: Anyone who has followed the international phenomenon known as the Apple iPhone knows that today's telecom carriers are under greater pressure to expand existing infrastructure in order to support ...
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An Evaluation of Board-Mounted Power Module Packages (.pdf)
From: Lineage PowerDescription: We compare the characteristics of four BMP packages with a focus on thermal performance. Using experimental and simulation methods, the air-flow regime is found to be particularly important in ...
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Application Guidelines for Non-Isolated Converters: Margining and Voltage Programming (.pdf)
From: Lineage PowerDescription: The Austin LynxTM, Lynx II, TLynx and Naos Raptor series of non-isolated modules all have the ability to adjust their output voltage by interfacing through the Trim pin. In addition to the output ...
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Application Guidelines for Non-Isolated Converters: PWB Layout Considerations (.pdf)
From: Lineage PowerDescription: Non-Isolated POL dc-dc converters are switching buck regulators which require careful layout considerations when designing on to a printed wiring board (PWB). Many applications using these ...
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Application Guidelines for On-Board Power Converters (.pdf)
From: Lineage PowerDescription: On-board power converter technology has extensively matured over the last two years. Until recently, the industry was manufacturing converters from 5 W of power to, at most, 30 W. Today, converter ...
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Board-Mounted Power Modules: Soldering and Cleaning (.pdf)
From: Lineage PowerDescription: Board-mounted power modules are purchased by many different and diverse customers for a broad range of applications. there are just as many different soldering techniques and cleaning processes. If a ...
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Efficient Front-End Power (.pdf)
From: Lineage PowerDescription: As end applications demand more and more processing power, increased bandwidth, and more storage capacity, datacenters are under fire to manage and support these needs while balancing energy ...
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Front-End Technology Takes on Data Center Power (.pdf)
From: Lineage PowerDescription: Today's front-end power supplies are using innovative designs and enhanced thermal management techniques to bring power density and efficiency levels to new highs and form factors to new lows. As a ...
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Guidelines for Sequencing of Multiple Modules (.pdf)
From: Lineage PowerDescription: Today's electronics systems require multiple power supply voltages to power the various ICs. Board designers need to not just provide multiple voltages, but also to ensure proper voltage sequencing ...
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Thermal Characterization Process For Open-Frame Board Mounted Power Modules (.pdf)
From: Lineage PowerDescription: The remote on/off feature on the board-mounted power modules (BMPMs) allows the user to switch the module on and off electronically. This feature provides greater flexibility in the start-up ...
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Current Sense Resistors
From: Cobham Slip RingDescription: Sudden current or voltage changes are often hazardous to electronic products. For example, transients or surges that reach microprocessor or memory components can destroy those expensive parts, and ...
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RTD Basics
From: Cobham Slip RingDescription: Riedon has manufactured high-precision wirewound resistors for OEM industries since 1960. These precision resistors have tolerances as small as 0.005%. They are extremely stable over time, and operate ...
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The Good Old Power Resistors
From: Cobham Slip RingDescription: Perhaps your early electronics experience was with communications equipment when vacuum tubes were king. Tubes had personality. They emitted a warm glow from their filaments and cherry-red anodes, and ...
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Using Power Resistors as Heaters
From: Cobham Slip RingDescription: Power resistors and resistance heaters share many common design considerations. In both products, good thermal design ensures low thermal resistance between the element and the exterior environment. ...
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Wirewound VS. Film Resistors
From: Cobham Slip RingDescription: Wirewound resistors have been around for a long time. They enjoy a long life because they have some very important features not duplicated by new technology products. If you must optimize circuit ...
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Caution!! Preserve Some Space Surrounding the Converter!
From: MOTIEN TechnologyDescription: Don't place another electrical component against the DC-DC converter. ...
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Placing Additional Capacitors at Input and Output?
From: MOTIEN TechnologyDescription: It is recommended to use high grade Electrolytic capacitor with low E.S.R or Tantalum capacitors together with a small capacitance Multi-layer Ceramic Capacitor paralleled - which ca provide good ...
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What is the Advantage of MOTIEN's Metal Case Stand-Off?
From: MOTIEN TechnologyDescription: Such unique design in metal cased DC-DC converter can actually help convect the heat generated from bottom of converter and bring a good heat sinking effect! ...
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What is the Soldering Profile for Lead Free Solder?
From: MOTIEN TechnologyDescription: MOTIEN's converter is suitable for the PCB mountable operation and not suitable for Reflow / Vapor phase soldering like SMD products, the recommend is wave flow soldering. ...
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Why My VA-2405S1's Output Voltage Goes Under 4.7Vdc at 65mA?
From: MOTIEN TechnologyDescription: In unregulated DC-DC converter like our VA-2405S1 the output noltage will be affected by input voltage and output loading. ...
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Harmonic Mitigation Transformer Performance Report (.pdf)
Description: A power system survey involving harmonics, loading and infrared measurements was performed at the E! Entertainment Television (ETV) studios in Los Angeles, California. The primary purpose of this ...
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Agilent Technologies: Detecting Harmonics in AC Signals (.pdf)
Description: Ideally, the voltage and current (AC power) waveforms are perfect and pure sinusoidal. In real life, it is impossible because of there are too many electronic devices powered by switched-mode supply. ...
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Understanding Forced Air Cooling in Power Supplies (.pdf)
Description: By Gary Bocock, Technical Director, XP Power. All power supplies generate waste heat which has to be dissipated. The heating effect becomes greater as more components are squeezed into smaller spaces. ...
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Compact Filtering for High Current & High Frequency Applications (.pdf)
From: NexTek, LLCDescription: In today's world of increasing electrical noise, higher speed logic, and more sensitive circuits the need for high frequency noise filtering is especially critical. Noise can enter a circuit through ...
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A 4-20 mA Signal Goes The Distance
Description: A 4-20 mA control signal is one of the signals of choice in the Building Automation industry as well as in the Industrial Process arena. Most of the various transmitters and output devices available ...
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Current to Voltage Conversion for BAS Systems
Description: One of the differences that exists among the various BAS systems that are available today is the type of signals that are acceptable as analog inputs. For example, when it comes to DC voltage and ...
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Current Transformers
Description: Current transformers (CT's) provide a simple, inexpensive and yet accurate means of sensing current flow in power conductors. They are available in 3 basic configurations: Split Core CT's are ...
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Determining Burden For Current Transformers
Description: If a Current Transformer (CT) reads low, then the secondary is probably overloaded. Burden is the load which may be imposed on a transformer secondary by cables and connected devices without causing ...
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Monitoring Higher Voltages
Description: Some building electrical systems just will not cooperate when it comes time to monitor power. You search and search and cannot find a point to monitor power on the low voltage side of the transformer ...
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Power Factor
Description: Power Factor (pf) is the ratio of real power to total power. Real, or productive power, is the actual power used in a building, measured in kilowatts (kW). Reactive power generates the magnetic field ...
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Powering Multiple Devices from a Common Transformer
Description: After properly sizing a control transformer for your application, there is an additional step in the selection process that should be considered. Even though the necessary steps have been taken to ...
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The Terms "Neutral" and "Ground" Seem to be Used Interchangeably. Do They Mean the Same?
Description: A neutral is a connection to an electrical system. In a three-phase WYE configuration, one end of each of the three generator or transformer windings is connected to a common point. This common point ...
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Video: What is the Difference in Flammability Ratings?
From: L-com, Inc.Description: This video shows the comparison between flammability ratings NEC National Electrical Code articles and the corresponding UL Underwriters Laboratories test methods... ...
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Controlling DC Brush Motor with H-Bridge Driver ICs (.pdf)
Description: DC brush motors are increasingly required for a broad range of applications including robotics, portable electronics, sporting equipment, appliances, medical devices, automotive applications, power ...
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Power Management Techniques and Calculation
From: Silicon LabsDescription: This application note discusses power management techniques and methods of calculating power in a Silicon Labs C8051F00x and C8051F01x SoC. Many applications will have strict power requirements, and ...