Electrical Engineering License Review, Eigth Edition
This text provides a comprehensive revew detailing all exam topics for the State Electrical Engineers exam for the Practicing Engineers license. It also contains 100+ problems and a sample exam.
TABLE OF CONTENTS Electrical Engineering License Review, Eigth Edition
Equivalence
In the preceding section we saw that money at different points in time (for example, $100 today or $100 one year hence) may be equal in the sense that they both are $100, but $100 a year hence is not an acceptable substitute for $100 today. When we have acceptable substitutes, we say they are equivalent to each other. Thus at 8% interest, $108 a year hence is equivalent to $100 today.
Example 3
At a 10% per year (compound) interest rate, $500 now is equivalent to how much three years hence?
Solution
$500 now will increase by 10% in each of the three years.
| Now = | $500.00 |
| End of 1st year = 500 + 10%(500) = | 550.00 |
| End of 2nd year = 550 + 10%(550) = | 605.00 |
| End of 3rd year = 605 + 10%(605) = | 665.50 |
Thus $500 now is equivalent to $665.50 at the end of three years. Note that interest is charged each year on the original $500 plus the unpaid interest. This compound interest computation gives an answer that is $15.50 higher than the simple interest computation in Example 2.
Equivalence is an essential factor in engineering economics. Suppose we wish to select the better of two alternatives. First, we must compute their cash flows. For example
| Alternative | ||
|---|---|---|
| Year | A | B |
| 0 | ?$2000 | ?$2800 |
| 1 | +800 | 1100 |
| 2 | +800 | 1100 |
| 3 | +800 | 1100 |
The larger investment in Alternative B results in larger subsequent benefits, but we...
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