Gas Transmitters Specifications

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Electrical Outputs

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	Analog Current		Analog current levels (transmitters) such as 4 – 20 mA are suitable for sending signals over long distances. A current is imposed on the output circuit proportional to the measurement. Feedback is used to provide the appropriate current regardless of line noise and impedance.
	Analog Voltage		Analog voltage outputs are simple, usually linear functions of the measurement.
	Frequency		Frequency or modulated frequency outputs include amplitude modulation (AM), frequency modulation (FM), sine waves, and pulse trains.
	Switch		The output is a change in state of a switch or an alarm.
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Measurement Type

	Measurement Type:
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	%LEL		The lower explosive limit (LEL) or lower flammable limit (LFL) of a combustible gas is the smallest amount of the gas that supports a self-propagating flame when mixed with air (or oxygen) and ignited. In gas-detection systems, the amount of gas present is specified as a percentage (%) LEL. Zero percent (0 %) LEL denotes a combustible gas-free atmosphere. One hundred percent (100 %) LEL denotes an atmosphere in which gas is at its lower flammable limit. The relationship between percent LEL and percent by volume differs from gas to gas.
	%Volume		Percent by volume is the concentration of a gas in a particular volume (%v/v).
	Trace		Trace is expressed in units of concentration: parts per million (ppm) or parts per billion (ppb). One percent exposure equals 10,000 ppm or 10,000,000 ppb.
	Leakage		Leakage is the prevailing fluid flow through a leak at existing conditions. The leakage rate is typically specified in units of flow, such as milliliters per minute (ml/min).
	Density		Density is expressed as mg/m^3.
	Signature or Spectra		The measurement type is a spectral signature of the gases present.
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	Number of Gases Sensed
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	Single Gas		Instruments are designed to detect a single gas.
	Multi Gas		Instruments are designed to detect multiple gases.
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Gas Type

	General Gas Types
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	Toxic Gas		Toxic gases cause illness or even death when inhaled or absorbed by the body in relatively small quantities. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an example of a highly toxic gas.
	Combustible Gas		Combustible gases burn when mixed with air (or oxygen) and ignited. Combustible gas-air mixtures can be burned over a wide range of concentrations. The actual minimum concentration varies from about 0.5% to about 15% by volume in air for most common hydrocarbons. This concentration is always referred to as 100% LEL or LFL for the gas.
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	Specific Gas Types
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	Aerosols		Aerosols are particles suspended in the atmosphere. They range in size from about 10-3 µm to about 20 µm. They are produced by natural processes or man's activities. They include volcanic dust, sea spray and its particulate products, wind generated dust, smoke from natural forest fires, and particles emitted during combustion
	Ammonia (NH3)		Ammonia (NH3) is toxic and corrosive to some materials and has a pungent odor.  Ammonia is used in the production of fertilizers, explosives, polymers, and household cleaners
	Arsine (AsH3)		Arsine (AsH3) is both flammable and toxic. Synonyms include arseniuretted hydrogen, arsenous hydride, arsenic trihydride, and hydrogen arsenide.
	Bromine (Br2)		Bromine (Br2) is a toxic, brownish-red element that has a bleach-like suffocating odor. Inhaling bromine gas can cause coughing, breathing difficulties, headache, irritation of the mucous membranes inside the mouth and nose, dizziness, and watery eyes.
	Carbon Dioxide (CO2)		Carbon dioxide is a common chemical compound that is often called by its formula name, CO2.
	Carbon Monoxide (CO)		Carbon monoxide (CO) is flammable, toxic, colorless, and odorless. It is a major byproduct of combustion.
	Chlorine (Cl2)		Chlorine (Cl2) is a diatomic gas that is yellow-green in color.  It is a halogen that combines easily with nearly all other elements.  Chlorine irritates the respiratory system and mucous membranes. It is fatal in amounts of 1000 ppm or more. Prolonged exposure at lower, non-fatal levels weakens the lungs.
	Chlorine Dioxide (ClO2)		Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) is a synthetic, yellowish-green gas that is used in water purification, sanitation applications, and the paper industry. It is made stable in an aqueous solution. Chlorine dioxide is a heavy, explosive gas.
	Diborane (B2H6)		Diborane (B2H6) is a colorless gas with a repulsive, sweet odor.  It mixes easily with air and will ignite spontaneously in humid air at room temperatures.  Diborane is a respiratory irritant.  Symptoms can occur immediately or be delayed for up to 24 hours after exposure.
	Fluorine (F)		Fluorine (F) is a poisonous, pale, yellow-green gas that is the most chemically reactive of all the elements. It is highly dangerous in its pure form, and can cause severe burns if it comes into contact with the skin.
	Germane (GeH4)		Germane (GeH4) is a flammable, toxic, colorless gas that reacts with oxidizers and halogens.
	Halocarbons (Refrigerants)		Halocarbons are compounds containing chlorine, bromine, or iodine. Examples include chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydrochlorofluoricarbons (HCFCs), HFC, R-21, R-22, R-134A, etc. Halocarbons may also be called refrigerants.
	Hydrocarbons		Hydrocarbons are organic compounds made primarily of hydrogen (H) and carbon (C) atoms. Natural gas is a mixture of hydrocarbons.  Examples of hydrocarbons include methane (CH4), ethane (C2H6), propane (C3H8), butane (C4H10), pentane (C5H12), benzene (C6H6), hexane (C6H14), and heptane (C7H16).
	Hydrogen (H2)		Hydrogen (H) is a colorless, highly flammable gaseous element.  It is used in the production of synthetic ammonia and methanol, in petroleum refining, in the hydrogenation of organic materials, as a reducing atmosphere, in oxyhydrogen torches, and in rocket fuels. Ordinary hydrogen gas is made of diatomic molecules (H2) that react with oxygen to form water (H2O) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), usually as a result of combustion.
	Hydrogen Chloride (HCl)		Hydrogen chloride is commonly known by its formula name, HCl.  It is a highly corrosive and toxic, colorless gas. White fumes form on contact with humidity. HCl often refers to hydrochloric acid, which is actually a mixture of hydrogen chloride in water.
	Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN)		Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) is a colorless, volatile, extremely poisonous, and flammable liquid that is miscible in water and used in the manufacture of dyes, fumigants, and plastics.
	Hydrogen Fluoride (HF)		Hydrogen fluoride (HF) is a colorless, fuming, corrosive liquid or a highly soluble corrosive gas used in the manufacture of hydrofluoric acid, as a reagent, catalyst, and fluorinating agent, and in the refining of uranium and the preparation of many fluorine compounds.
	Hydrogen Selenide (H2Se)		While free selenium is nontoxic, many of its compounds are extremely toxic and have modes of action similar to that of arsenic. Hydrogen selenide (H2Se) and other compounds are very toxic. H2Se is used to prepare metallic selenides and organoselenium compounds.  It is also used in doping gas mixtures for the preparation of semiconductor materials that contain a controlled amount of significant impurity.
	Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S)		Hydrogen sulfide (H2Se) is a colorless, flammable poisonous gas with a characteristic rotten-egg odor. It is used as an antiseptic, bleach, or reagant.
	Mercury Vapor (Hg)		Mercury (Hg) vapor is the vapor generated from elemental liquid mercury or compounds of mercury.
	Nitric Oxide (NO)		Nitric oxide is a gas with the chemical formula NO.  Nitric oxide is a toxic air pollutant produced by automobiles and power plants.
	Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)		Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is a red or orange/brown gas with a characteristic sharp, biting odor. Nitrogen dioxide is one of the most prominent air pollutants. Long-term exposure to concentration levels above 40 - 100 mcg/m³ causes adverse health effects.
	Nitrogen Oxides (NxOx)		Nitrogen oxides include dinitrogen oxide (N2O, nitrous oxide), dinitrogen trioxide (N2O3), dinitrogen tetroxide (N2O4), and dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5).
	Oxygen (O2)		Oxygen (O2) is an atmospheric gas. The abundance of free oxygen is due to photosynthesis by plants.
	Ozone (O3)		Ozone is (O3) an unstable, poisonous allotrope of oxygen that is formed naturally in the ozone layer from atmospheric oxygen by electric discharge or exposure to ultraviolet radiation. It is also produced in the lower atmosphere by the photochemical reaction of certain pollutants. Ozone is a highly reactive oxidizing agent used to deodorize air, purify water, and treat industrial wastes.
	Phosphine (PH3)		Phosphine (PH3) is a colorless, spontaneously flammable, poisonous gas that has a fishy odor. It is used as a doping agent for solid-state components.
	Silane (SiH4)		Silane (SiH4) is a colorless gas that is both flammable and pyrophoric (i.e., capable of igniting spontaneously upon contact with air). It has a repulsive odor. Silane is used as a silicon source for the epitaxial deposition of single-crystal and polycrystalline silicon, for the low-temperature chemical vapor deposition of silicon dioxide, and for the chemical vapor deposition of silicon nitride films. It also is used for growth of amorphous silicon films.
	Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)		Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is a colorless, extremely irritating gas or liquid used in many industrial processes, especially the manufacture of sulfuric acid.
	Sulfur Hexafluoride (SF6)		Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) is one of the most popular insulating gases (next to air). It is non-flammable, non-toxic, moderately inexpensive, and a good insulator because of its electronegativity. SF6 has breakdown strength of about three times that of air. At normal temperatures, it is non-corrosive and fairly inert; however, at temperatures above 500°C, SF6 decomposes. The decomposition products (i.e., fluorine) react with most substances, especially any water vapor.
	Water Vapor		Water vapor is water present in the atmosphere in gaseous form.
	Other		Other unlisted gas types.
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General Features and Functionality

	Display
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	Analog		Data is displayed with an analog meter or simple visual indicator.
	Digital		Data is presented on a numerical or application-specific display.
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	Features
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	Audible or Visual Alarms		Instruments have audible or visual alarms to alert users to dangerous conditions.
	Controller		Instruments have or receive sensor inputs, provide control functions (e.g., limits, PID, logic etc.), and output a control signal.
	Data Logger		Instruments have integral or on-board data storage capability.
	Interchangeable Probes		Instruments are supplied with interchangeable probes for measuring different types of gases.
	Hazardous Environments		Instruments are rated for use in hazardous environments. They may be flameproof or waterproof.  This category does not include intrinsically safe devices.
	Intrinsically Safe		Intrinsically safe (IS) is an adjective for equipment and wiring which is incapable of releasing sufficient electrical or thermal energy under normal or abnormal conditions to cause ignition of a specific hazardous atmospheric mixture in its most ignited concentration. IS terminations and wiring may be brought into any hazardous location of any group classification for which it is accepted, without requiring explosion proof housing or other means of protection.
	Sampling Pump		The sample draw method causes the deliberate flow of the atmosphere being monitored to a gas-sensing element, typically called a sniffer.
	Self Calibration		Instruments are capable of self calibration for different types of gases.
	Sensor Array		A sensor array is a group of sensors working together to detect gases. Typically, the array is comprised of one or more sensors of the same technology and type.
	Temperature Measurement		The sensor or instrument measures and outputs temperature in addition to the measurement of gas variables.
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