Sensors, Transducers and Detectors Reference Materials
Reference Articles 2801 - 2900 of 3139
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Tension Amplifier is Stable and Drift-Free Vs Competition (.pdf)
Description: The TI17C and TI18C tension indicators have had their internal components upgraded and ruggedized over previous generations of tension measurement electronics. Thorough testing shows that they deliver ...
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Commutation of a BLDC Motor with Various Pole-Pairs Can Be Simplified By Using Absolute Encoder Feedback - White Paper (.pdf)
Description: Brushless Direct Current (BLDC) motors are gaining popularity and larger market acceptance. BLDC motors are used in industries such as Industrial Automation Equipments, Consumer, Medical, Automotive, ...
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Cost Effective Gas & Vapor Monitoring in Chemical & Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Facilities
Description: Pharmaceutical facilities use a variety of hazardous gases and solvents in their production processes. Whenever these substances are transported, processed or stored, the potential risks are high for ...
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SIL 101 (Safety Integrity Levels): How Safe Do I Need To Be?
From: General Monitors by MSADescription: The global importance of SIL (Safety Integrity Levels) has grown substantially in the oil/gas, petrochemical and other process industries over the last 10 years. However, for many end users, systems ...
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Accurate Gas Flow Measurement Improves Water Disinfection Process Efficiency
Description: Turning raw water obtained from various ground or surface water supplies into clean potable water fit for human consumption or industrial purposes requires the removal of contamination sources. Such ...
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Flow Switches for Oil/Gas Refinery Water Treatment
Description: The water used in the the cooling units, desalter units, and other water from throughout the plant creates a large amount of wastewater with VOC's that must be treated before it is recycled or ...
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Thermal Mass Flow Meter Improves Refinery Flare Gas Monitoring Accuracy
Description: Releasing combustible vapors and dangerous toxins into the atmosphere can result in emergency plant shutdowns. Such plant closures, which are often mandated by various government agencies, can be ...
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Wastewater Treatment Digester BioGas Flow Measurement
Description: Digester gas is a mixed composition, consisting of methane, CO2 and trace gases. The amount of biogas flowing is a critical process parameter in order to prevent an excessive build-up of gas in the ...
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Ultrasonic Sensors, The Silent Laborers
From: Baumer Ltd.Description: During operation the transducer alternates continuously between transmitting and receiving. If the transmitted switch packets encounter an object the sound is reflected and a small part of the energy ...
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Cold Chain Monitoring - HACCP
From: CAS DataLoggersDescription: Companies that process dairy products, use milk as the main raw material for their production. It is extremely important that milk must be collected, transported and processed under specific ...
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Accelerometer Mounting Considerations
Description: An accelerometer is an instrument that senses the motion of a surface to which it is attached, producing an electrical output signal precisely analogous to that motion. The ability to couple motion, ...
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Back-to-Back Accelerometer Calibration
Description: To calibrate a vibration accelerometer is to accurately determine its sensitivity (in mV/g or pC/g) at various frequencies of interest. The ISA approved back-toback comparison method is probably the ...
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Glossary of Terms
Description: Glossary of common sensor terms. ...
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Infrared Technology
From: Sentry Optronics Corp.Description: Infrared thermometers operate by means of infrared radiation. Infrared occupies a portion of the electromagnetic spectrum between visible light radio waves. The electromagnetic spectrum is a group of ...
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Introduction to Charge Mode Accelerometers
Description: Dytran charge mode accelerometers are designed to measure shock and vibration phenomena over a broad temperature range. These accelerometers, unlike the Low Impedance Voltage Mode (LIVM) types, ...
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Introduction to Impulse Hammers
Description: A transfer function of a mechanical system describes its dynamic behavior in response to an applied stimulus (excitation). There are six major transfer functions used in mechanical systems analysis. ...
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Introduction to LIVM Accelerometers
Description: Low Impedance Voltage Mode (LIVM) accelerometers are designed to measure shock and vibration phenomena over a wide frequency range. They contain integral IC electronics that converts the high ...
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Introduction to Piezoelectric Force Sensors
Description: Low Impedance Voltage Mode (LIVM) force sensors contain thin piezoelectric crystals which generate analog voltage signals in response to applied dynamic forces. A built in IC chip amplifier converts ...
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Introduction to Piezoelectric Pressure Sensors
Description: Dynamic pressure sensors are designed to measure pressure changes in liquids and gasses such as in shock tube studies, in-cylinder pressure measurements, field blast tests, pressure pump ...
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Low Frequency Phase Shift in LIVM Sensors as a Function of Discharge Time Constant and Frequency
Description: Low Impedance Voltage Mode (LIVM) sensors are piezoelectric devices with integral FET impedance converting amplifiers. To bias the amplifier, a high value resistor is placed in parallel with the gate ...
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Low Frequency Response and Quasi-Static Behavior of LIVM Sensors
Description: Low Frequency Response - The ability of a sensor to measure very low frquency sinusoidal or periodic inputs (pressure, force and acceleration) with accuracy. This ability is best characterized by a ...
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Piezoelectric Measurement System Comparison: Charge Mode vs. Low Impedance Voltage Mode (LIVM)
Description: Piezoelectric sensors (Transducers) measure dynamic phenomena such as force, pressure and acceleration (including shock and vibration). Inside the sensor, piezoelectric materials such as quartz and ...
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Useful Formulae and Conversion Factors
Description: Low frequency response, piezo sensors ...
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Flow Conditioning Improves Flow Measurement Accuracy and Reduces Plant Process Costs
Description: If you're planning to expand, upgrade or retrofit your plant in the near future, chances are that you'll be facing a real estate crisis when it comes to finding a place for all your new or upgraded ...
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Improve Flow Meter Flexibility and Simplify Maintenance By Combining Wired and Wireless Technologies
Description: While wireless technology has grown rapidly in terms of devices, functionality and availability in the consumer and commercial electronics markets, the wireless revolution is today a bit further ...
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Improving Wastewater Treatment With Air Flow Instrumentation
Description: In wastewater treatment plants, a variety of processes are employed to eliminate organic pollutants from water to ensure its safety and release for future uses. One of the most common processes is the ...
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Monitor Your Pump for Process Efficiency
Description: Pumps are all too frequently one of the most overlooked and abused pieces of equipment in process automation, yet nothing moves without them and a process becomes inefficient when they don't operate ...
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Optimize HVAC and Process System Efficiency by Matching Your Plant and Processes To The Right Flow Measurement Technology
Description: Plant engineers have many flow measurement technology options when selecting flow sensors or flow meters to optimize heating-ventilation-air-conditioning (HVAC) and process control systems. It is ...
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Vibration Isolation of Precision Objects
Description: The need for vibration isolation of precision and vibration sensitive objects is increasing continuously. Vibration isolation systems must comply with contradictory specifications, such as requiring ...
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Playful Control
From: elobau U.S., Inc.Description: There is an increasing demand for joysticks. Managing director of elobau, Michael Hetzer, can see the trend in his order books: "Our joysticks are used to a high degree in various industrial vehicles ...
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Illuminate the Invisible
From: EMX Industries, Inc.Description: Engineers have several choices to sense the presence of objects or information: machine vision systems and photoelectric sensors have been common selections. Recently, manufacturers have enhanced UV ...
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Accelerated Life Testing
From: U.S. SensorDescription: U.S. Sensor Corp. is dedicated to continuous improvement in the design and functionality of our temperature sensing devices. Every batch of thermistors is tested for nominal value, as well as ...
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Renishaw Encoders Ride a Controlled Explosion
From: RenishawDescription: In Stanley Kubrick's classic film Dr. Strangelove Slim Pickens was dropped from the aeroplane riding a bomb. If he'd been riding a motorcycle then he would certainly have been astride a KTM Nitro ...
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Thermistor Terminology
From: U.S. SensorDescription: ZERO-POWER RESISTANCE The zero-power resistance is the dc resistance value of a thermistor measured at a specified temperature with power dissipated by the thermistor low enough that any further ...
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Eaton: Sensor Learning Course
Description: The following pages contain a complete learning course that will take you through the basic operation and application of limit switches, inductive and capacitive proximity sensors, and photoelectric ...
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Resistance Temperature Detectors RTD
From: Acrolab Ltd.Description: ACROLAB RTD assemblies utilize wire wound platinum elements with a reference resistance of 100 Ohms at 0 C and a temperature coefficient of 0.00385 Ohms/Ohm/C degrees. ALL Acrolab RTD probes are of ...
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Mass Flow Meters
Description: Using impact plate, measuring chute and Coriolis technologies, Schenck AccuRate manufactures a family of mass flow meters. Working with Schenck AccuRate application engineers, customers are given the ...
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All From One Mold - Optical, Ultra Sound, Inductive and Capacitive Sensors
From: Baumer Ltd.Description: A uniform casing design, the same calibration and start up, as well as standardized mounting - and alignment fixtures are the features of this series of sensors, which encompasses many different ...
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Capacitives with Perspective
From: Baumer Ltd.Description: Unlike inductive proximity switches, which respond exclusively to metals, capacitive sensors react to a wide spectrum of other materials, such as for example: paper, glass, plastics, oil, water, as ...
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Delay Time Measurement with Ultrasonic Sensors
From: Baumer Ltd.Description: Many industrial ultrasonic sensors are based on the delay time measurement. As has been mentioned in the introduction, the "measurement representation" thereby is the propagation velocity of the sound ...
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Magnetic Field Sensors as Speed Monitors
From: Baumer Ltd.Description: Magnetic field sensors are generally based on the magneto-resistive or Hall-principle. Compared to optical speed sensors, resolvers and precision potentiometers, magnetic field sensors do not contain ...
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My-Com and IRPM - The Nut Has Now Been Cracked
From: Baumer Ltd.Description: Contact-free or tactile? Who can make a selection is spilt for choice. However selection of a measuring sensor most suitable for the application will hardly give anyone a headache. In each individual ...
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Small Unit (Sensor) Tackles Large Jobs
From: Baumer Ltd.Description: To some extent today's technical systems and instruments are extremely complex configured puzzles of individual parts. Automobiles consist of dozens of subsystems with a multitude of activators, ...
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Eliminating Damage from Motor Shaft Currents Through Tachometers and Encoders
Description: Since the introduction of variable speed electronic controls for DC and AC motors, users have noted a troubling problem; voltage potential is sometimes induced on the shaft of the motor. ...
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Ammonia Pressure Measurement using Thermal Flash Protection (.pdf)
Description: Situation: Ammonia offers refrigeration pump and compressor manufacturers an improved efficiency over Freon based systems. However, the thermodynamic behavior of ammonia is very different from Freon. ...
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Magnetostriction: Basic Physical Elements
From: Temposonics, LLCDescription: Magnetostriction is a phenomenon only found in ferromagnetic materials such as iron, nickel, cobalt and their alloys. The magnetostrictive principle is based on certain agnetomechanical properties of ...
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Automated (Robotic) Manual Transmissions
From: Temposonics, LLCDescription: Driven by the need to provide the functions of an automatic transmission, along with weight reduction and higher efficiency, many manufacturers are considering conversion of traditional manual ...
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Automotive Suspensions
From: Temposonics, LLCDescription: Active damper and height control can sometimes be combined into a single strut design. By combining an actuator along the same axis as the damper, a complete assembly can be provided to the suspension ...
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Biotechnology Process Vessell (Level)
From: Temposonics, LLCDescription: A west coast biotechnology manufacturer was developing a proprietary process involving blood plasma. The process produced a highly confidential and expensive liquid valued at approximately $100,000 ...
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Blow Molding
From: Temposonics, LLCDescription: MTS Temposonics displacement sensors are the favored method of position sensing in this application because of the need for high performance and continuous operation under demanding environmental ...
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Cantilever Cutting Head
From: Temposonics, LLCDescription: Wood-Mizer®, the number one seller of sawmills worldwide, created portable sawmills in 1982. At that time, Wood-Mizer was the only company to use a cantilever-cutting head for its sawmills. This ...
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Commercial Appliance Damping
From: Temposonics, LLCDescription: Front load washing machines can add useful feedback for load measurement and active damper control, such as with magneto-rheological dampers. By measuring damper compression, loading can be determined ...
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Commercial Off-Road Vehicles
From: Temposonics, LLCDescription: More and more, manufacturers are relying on linear position sensing to support the trend towards the automation of off-road vehicles and their implements. In these demanding applications, MTS ...
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Commercial On-Road Vehicles
From: Temposonics, LLCDescription: More and more, manufacturers are relying on linear position sensing to support the trend to automate on-road vehicles and related mechanisms. Position feedback is utilized not only to improve system ...
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Construction Equipment
From: Temposonics, LLCDescription: With the increasing need for improved safety systems, on-board diagnostic systems, control-by-wire and GPS-based excavation and grading control, more precise, predictable, reliable control of actuator ...
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Die Casting
From: Temposonics, LLCDescription: Because of the extremely high shock loads experienced in this application, long term durability is an issue for any feedback sensor. Admittedly one of our harshest applications, MTS Temposonics ...
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Flow Solder Machines
From: Temposonics, LLCDescription: MTS Temposonics position feedback sensors are seeing more and more use in electronics production applications like wafer handling, chip inspection and automated board assembly. One example of this is ...
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Food Processing
From: Temposonics, LLCDescription: The quantity and quality of the foods processed in a rolling mill depend on how precise the spacing between rollers is controlled. In this application, differences of even thousands of inches can ...
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Glass Presses
From: Temposonics, LLCDescription: MTS Temposonics displacement sensors are the favored method of position sensing in this application because of the need for high performance and continuous operation under demanding environmental ...
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Hydraulic Cylinders
From: Temposonics, LLCDescription: High performance and durability have made Temposonics the in-cylinder position sensor standard in the fluid power industry since their introduction in 1975. Our innovative modular design allows ...
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Injection Molding Machine Builders
From: Temposonics, LLCDescription: Our sensing technology is routinely used on 4 axes of plastic injection molding machines: injector screw positioning, carriage positioning, ejector positioning, and mold closure. Superior ruggedness, ...
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Liquified Propane Gas
From: Temposonics, LLCDescription: A regional gas utility had to dramatically cut costs through the use of automation at their gas distribution terminal. All pertinent information was data linked via a DCS system to an operations ...
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Medical Dental Chairs
From: Temposonics, LLCDescription: Most dentists prefer to work on a given patient at an individually chosen position of the chair's height and angle. Remembering positions for each and every patient, as well as those positions unique ...
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Medical Fluids Management
From: Temposonics, LLCDescription: The medical community has unique cleanliness and disposal requirements for treatment fluids and body waste. Our Temposonics sensors with floats are used very successfully in medical applications ...
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Medical Hospital and Home Care Bed
From: Temposonics, LLCDescription: Automating the motion of patient care appliances, such as beds, allows the appliance to quickly adjust to preferred positions for treatment by a physician or for prescribed periodic position changes ...
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Medical Infusion Pump
From: Temposonics, LLCDescription: Portable medication delivery systems need to be light, small and unquestionably reliable. Because MTS offers its technology in component form as well as completed sensors, designers of medical ...
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Metal Forming/Shearing Presses
From: Temposonics, LLCDescription: MTS Temposonics displacement sensors are utilized in this application because of the need for high performance and continuous repetitious operation under high shock load conditions. Today, as ...
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Motion Platforms for Entertainment
From: Temposonics, LLCDescription: MTS brings its lengthy background in materials and aircraft motion platforms to the rapidly growing area of entertainment motion simulation. Here, the precision and responsiveness afforded by our ...
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Motion Platforms for Flight Simulators
From: Temposonics, LLCDescription: These longer stroke length applications are a natural fit for MTS Temposonics position sensors. In this industry, it is imperative that the motion simulator reacts to the training pilot's inputs so ...
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Paper and Plastic Film Converting
From: Temposonics, LLCDescription: MTS Temposonics position feedback sensors are used in a wide variety of paper and plastic film converting applications from winders/unwinders to slitters, even on flexographic printing machines. In ...
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Paperboard Downstacking Machine
From: Temposonics, LLCDescription: Original equipment manufacturer, Alliance Machine Systems was looking for a way to fully automate its existing downstacking machine for the paperboard packaging industry with the goal of reducing ...
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Pharmaceutical (Level)
From: Temposonics, LLCDescription: A large pharmaceutical company required a sanitary level measurement system for their blending tanks. The major requirements of this application were: * Sanitary * Clean-In-Place (CIP) and ...
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Plastic Machine Retrofits
From: Temposonics, LLCDescription: In an industry where we have long provided reliable, high performance position feedback, MTS Temposonics sensors are often utilized to bring new life to older equipment. Whether it be to replace ...
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Pneumatic Cylinders
From: Temposonics, LLCDescription: High performance and durability have made Temposonics the in-cylinder position sensor standard in the fluid power industry since their introduction in 1975. In an extremely cost competitive industry, ...
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Primary Woodworking - Sawmills
From: Temposonics, LLCDescription: MTS Temposonics sensors are designed and built to withstand the rigors of sawmill applications. So effective are Temposonics sensors in withstanding the high shock and vibration and extreme ...
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Seagram's
From: Temposonics, LLCDescription: Seeking a new method of liquid level measurement, the Seagram's US distillery is retrofitting its facility to utilize magnetostrictive liquid level sensors to measure its spirit and carbonated ...
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Secondary Woodworking - Finishing
From: Temposonics, LLCDescription: Wood finishing applications like planers, veneer shears and tennoners present a unique combination of performance, functionality and durability requirements that MTS Temposonics position sensors are ...
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Specialty Chemical
From: Temposonics, LLCDescription: DanChem Technologies, based in Danville, Virginia, has an extensive array of both stainless steel and glass-lined reactors that are available for the manufacture of specialty fine chemicals, and ...
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Steel - Rolling Mills
From: Temposonics, LLCDescription: In this application, the quality of sheet metal gauging depends on the performance of the position feedback and the continuous throughput of the rolling process on the dependability of the position ...
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Tanker Spraying
From: Temposonics, LLCDescription: When applying chemicals in agricultural and construction projects, knowing the current level of one or more fluids ensures proper application and provides early indication of problems, as well as ...
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Tractor Cab Suspension and Lift Control
From: Temposonics, LLCDescription: The rugged environment of off-road equipment, suspension and implement position feedback is a natural environment for Temposonics C-Series sensors. These proven sensors stand up to the most abusive ...
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Tractor Seat Suspension
From: Temposonics, LLCDescription: Operators of on-road and off-road mobile equipment get a rough ride unless some form of seat isolation from the frame is installed. However as effective as an elastomer or shock absorber equipped seat ...
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Tractor Steering
From: Temposonics, LLCDescription: The tough operating environment of off-road equipment is a natural for Temposonics sensor steering position feedback. These proven sensors stand up to the most abusive shock and vibration ...
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Good Positioning
From: Temposonics, LLCDescription: The Mercedes-Benz has a well-deserved reputation as a luxury brand with a ride as smooth as silk. Interestingly, one of the secrets behind its superlative handling is an MTS Temposonics ...
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Integrated Sensor and Controller
From: Temposonics, LLCDescription: Today's engineers that are developing motion control systems have less time to spend on optimizing individual servoactuator axes to enhance process performance. In fact, they have barely enough time ...
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Load-Frame Monitoring for Injection Molding Machines
From: Temposonics, LLCDescription: Negri & Bossi S.P.A., a leading plastic injection molding press manufacturer, discovered an innovative way to measure tonnage while reducing the amount of costly mechanical and electrical hardware on ...
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Magnetostriction in Automotive Position Measurement
From: Temposonics, LLCDescription: Magnetostriction is a property of ferromagnetic materials such as iron, nickel, and cobalt. When placed in a magnetic field, these materials change size and/or shape (Figure 2). This physical response ...
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Magnetostriction: How It Works
From: Temposonics, LLCDescription: Sensors based upon magnetostriction have been used in a wide variety of industrial applications for over 25 years since their invention at a company called Temposonics in the 1970's. The sensor's ...
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Magnetostrictive Level Sensors by David Nyce and Adrian Totten
From: Temposonics, LLCDescription: Many types of industrial processes utilize Liquid Level sensors to provide the information needed to monitor and control the process. This enables the design parameters to be maintained in order to ...
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Magnetostrictive Level Technology in Sanitary Processing
From: Temposonics, LLCDescription: Accurate liquid level measurement is crucial for the monitoring and control of batch and continuous chemical processing applications. Its purpose is to produce end products that are consistent in ...
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Maintaining Level in Specialty Chemicals
From: Temposonics, LLCDescription: DanChem Technologies, based in Danville, Virginia, has an extensive array of both stainless steel and glass-lined reactors that are available for the manufacture of specialty fine chemicals, and ...
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Pharamaceutical Company Uses Level Sensors to Obtain Accurate and Reliable Measurements
From: Temposonics, LLCDescription: A pharmaceutical company based in California uses level sensors to measure water solutions and buffers in its portable tanks. The company needed to obtain accurate and reliable measurement results for ...
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Precise Injection Control (Medical Design Technology)
From: Temposonics, LLCDescription: Many people suffer from mild to severely debilitating back or back-radiated leg pain. Physicians estimate that four out of five Americans will complain of back pain at some time in their lives. Though ...
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Sense and Stack Alliance Machine Systems Case Study
From: Temposonics, LLCDescription: Original equipment manufacturer, Alliance Machine Systems was looking for a way to fully automate its existing downstacking machine for the paperboard packaging industry with the goal of reducing ...
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Smaller, Lower-Cost Magnetorestrictive Position Sensors Open Up Consumer and Professional Products Applications
From: Temposonics, LLCDescription: In a recent article, the pro and con attributes of position sensing technologies were compared. Under Magnetostrictive, the advantages were stated as "very accurate, small package size" but the ...
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Bag-in-a-Box Beverage Industry
Description: Thousands of bag-in-a-box beverage containers are filled daily throughout the country and total millions of gallons per year. These boxes are, in turn, distributed to wholesaler operations and various ...
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Diesel Engine Manufacturing
Description: Diesel engines power much of the world's industrial activity. From railroad locomotives, to ships and boats, construction and agricultural machinery, remote and standby power generation and ...
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Drag Racing Flowmeter Applications
Description: Hoffer Flow Controls has been supplying turbine flowmeters to the automobile drag race world for the past several years. Typically a small HO Series flowmeter with a magnetic pick up coil is supplied ...
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Gas Transmission Auxiliary Flowmeter Applications
Description: After the measurement of water, natural gas is the single most frequent fluid measured by Hoffer turbine flowmeters. A significant number of Hoffer turbine meters are used in the custody transfer ...
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Greensboro City Street Cleaner Flowmeter Applications
Description: Hoffer flow systems have been employed on street cleaning equipment commonly referred to as street flushers right here in our home state of North Carolina. In fact, we are proud to say that we help ...