TABLE OF CONTENTS Sung Tae Moon
Electrical Engineering, Texas A&M University College Station, TX 77840, United States of America stmoon@tamu.edu
Ari Yakov Valero-L pez
Agere Systems, Storage Division, Read Channel Development Allentown, PA 18109, United States of America av4 @agere.com
Edgar S nchez-Sinencio
Electrical Engineering, Texas A&M University College Station, TX 77840, United States of America sanchez@ee.tamu.edu
Frequency synthesizer is a key building block of fully-integrated wireless communications systems. Design of a frequency synthesizer (FS) requires the understanding of not only the circuit-level but also of the transceiver system-level considerations. The FS design challenge involves strong trade-offs, and often conflicting requirements. In this tutorial, the general implementation issues and recent developments of frequency synthesizer design are discussed. Simplified design approach should provide readers with sufficient intuition for fast design and troubleshooting capability. Open problems in this FS field are briefly discussed.
Keywords: Analog integrated circuits; CMOS/BiCMOS RF; frequency synthesizer; phase-locked loop
Wireless communications gained popularity as the electronics industry introduced accessible consumer products leading the emerging market. The most effective way to save production cost and to minimize form factor has been the monolithic implementation of the entire RF transceiver on a single chip. In a fully integrated system, the frequency synthesizer design represents a major challenge since the circuit has to meet stringent and conflicting requirements.
A frequency synthesizer (FS) is a device capable of generating a set of signals of given output frequencies with very high accuracy and precision from a single reference frequency. The signal generated at the...
