TABLE OF CONTENTS John H. Bickford
Vice President, Manager of the Power-Dyne Division, Retired
Raymond Engineering Inc.
Middletown, Connecticut
| A | Cross-sectional area, in 2 (mm 2) | |
| A B | Cross-sectional area of the body of a bolt, in 2 (mm 2) | |
| A r | Cross-sectional area of the body of the rivet, in 2 (mm 2) | |
| A S | Cross-sectional area of the tensile stress area of the threaded portion of a bolt, in 2 (mm 2) | |
| A 1, A 2, A 3, etc. | Cross-sectional areas of individual fasteners, in 2 (mm 2) | |
| b | Number of shear planes which pass through the fastener; and/or the number of slip surfaces in a shear joint | |
| d | Nominal diameter of the bolt, in (mm) | |
| E | Modulus of elasticity, psi (MPa) | |
| F | Force, lb (kN) | |
| F B | Tension in a bolt, lb (kN) | |
| F b | Primary shear force on a bolt, lb (kN) | |
| F B(max) | Maximum anticipated tension in the bolt, lb (kN) | |
| F BY | Tension in a bolt at yield, lb (kN) | |
| F C | Clamping force on the joint, lb (kN) | |
| F C(min) | Minimum acceptable clamping force on a joint, lb (kN) | |
| F J(min) | Minimum anticipated clamping force... |
