Sensors, Transducers and Detectors Reference Materials

Description: As semiconductor wafer size decreases and complexity increases, semiconductor cleanrooms must attempt to reduce the levels of airborne molecular contaminants (AMCs). These AMCs can damage sensitive ...

Description: We say that a particular water sample is turbid when the sample is hazy or cloudy. The main effect of the haziness is that we cannot see clearly through the sample after a certain distance, as the ...

Description: One of the challenges designers face when selecting pressure sensors for medical equipment applications is sensor performance in condensing humidity. Tradeoffs in functionality, packaging, and cost ...

Description: Various research firms forecast the market for portable medical devices to be somewhere around the $20 billion range within the next several years. Small devices need to provide adequate levels of ...

Description: Although red laser triangulation displacement sensors have been in use for more than 20 years, blue laser versions are also now available. Before selecting which colour to use, it is important to ...

Description: Hoffer inline turbine flowmeters are velocity measuring devices, which is to say they measure the average velocity of a fluid flowing through the body of the meter. ...

Description: The word ceramic comes from the ancient Greek word Keramos which was the description for pottery made of burned clay mineral. The oldest ceramic object discovered is the statue of "Venus of Dolní ...

Description: The freeze drying process can be traced back to prehistoric times. Back in the 15th century, freeze drying was used by the Incas. They stored their crops on the mountain heights above Machu Picchu ...

Description: Tobacco is a plant that grows natively in North and South America. Records indicate tobacco was cultivated as early as 1 B.C. by the Native Americans. China's tobacco market, which is the largest in ...

Description: A clean room is a manufacturing environment that has a low level of environmental pollutants such as dust, airborne microbes, aerosol particles and chemical vapors. The air inside is constantly ...

Description: Wood is one of the oldest building materials on the planet. Before wood can be used as a construction material whether it be a structural support in a building or to manufacture furniture, it has to ...

Description: Sterilization methods used around the world are changing. Hot steam morpholine or formaldehyde processes are being replaced by hydrogen peroxide sterilization techniques. New methods such as the Dry ...

Description: A laboratory is a facility or workplace that provides controlled conditions in which scientific research, experiments, and measurement may be performed. In contrast to the office, the work in a lab is ...

Description: One key reason for the success and wealth of some nations in the modern world is their ability to produce unique goods better than any other nation or region. Towns, regions or even entire countries ...

Description: In order for life to flourish, all organisms require a certain level of moisture, oxygen, sunshine and CO2 . Plant life requires a certain soil quality to ensure successful growth rates. Each and ...

Description: What is the weather going to be like tomorrow? For a long time, people have tried to predict weather conditions using the hydrologic climate cycle. In the early 1920's scientists were able to compile ...

Description: Powdered milk or dried milk is a manufactured dairy product made by dehydrating liquid milk through several drying processes until it is a powder.. One purpose of drying milk is to preserve it; milk ...

Description: The ancestor of the pulp paper making process that is used today is considered to be developed by a Chinese man named Tsai-Lun during the early 2nd Century. Paper and similar products like cardboard ...

Description: Pasta is a type of noodle and is a staple ingredient of traditional Italian cuisine, with the first reference dating to 1154. The word "Pasta"? is commonly used to refer to the variety of pasta ...

Description: Temperature and humidity levels that are out of specifications can cause damage to ingredients during production or to the final product during storage. Knowing correct temperature and humidity levels ...

Description: Around 10,000 years ago as humans began to shift over from a hunting and gathering culture to a farming culture, preserving and storing seeds became a very important aspect of, not only survival, but ...

Description: A container is a protective housing for safe transportation and storage of goods. Safe means, in this context, the characteristics of the containers content remain unchanged under all relevant ...

Description: In the days when cave men ruled the world, people were dressing with animal fur to protect themselves from the elements. Today we are far beyond that point and a wide range of natural as well as ...

Description: Ventilating is the process of changing or replacing air in any space to provide high indoor air quality. In order to maintain an office building within the comfort zone, or to maintain any application ...

Description: The future is very positive for wind power. The technology is growing exponentially due to the every increasing global demand for electricity and the ongoing negative viewpoint about the high risk in ...

Description: Manufacturing companies undertaking the measurement of flatness of a surface need to take precise readings for the smallest degree of change. The Orbit® 3 Network is able to take synchronized ...

Description: Measuring and controlling water vapor in industrial systems is critical. Temperature and pressure affect the physical behavior of materials and systems, while water vapor can also affect their ...

Description: Most of us have a never ending choice of the most delicious breads, cakes and pastries to please both the palate and the eyes. We have become very used to this diverse range of bread and baked ...

Description: Key factors for energy efficiency in indoor applications are the control of relative humidity (RH) and temperature levels. The question is how to achieve acceptable RH levels in an energy efficient ...

Description: Swimming pools are used for a variety of applications including recreational use for kids and adults, competitive swimming and also therapeutic use for faster recovery from injuries. Pools and ...

Description: Over the years there has been a rapid increase in large stand-alone data centers housing computer systems, hosting cloud computing servers and supporting telecommunications equipment. These data ...

Description: Each and every one of us knows what a tire is: a rubber tube, placed around the wheel of most vehicles that are commercially available today. ...

Description: Archives are an accumulation of historical documents collected over the course of the lifetime of an organization. National archives have the role of collecting, cataloguing and securing historical & ...

Description: "More Stations. More Data. Better Forecasts." - that's the slogan of New York State Mesonet. The weather observation network consists of a total of 125 weather stations all over the state of New York ...

Description: Using a continuous level sensor to monitor the material level in your storage vessels can help you keep material flowing smoothly, prevent costly process interruptions, and effectively manage your ...

Description: Many devices are available on the market today for detecting the level of materials in bins, tanks and silos. However, for calculating what's in inventory sometimes level data just isn't enough. To ...

Description: This simple guide outlines the pros and cons of different continuous level sensors. Compare SmartBob, guided wave radar, open air radar, 3D scanners, and laser to determine which sensor might be best ...

Description: The grain industry faces many challenges in managing inventory in large bins where a single vessel may hold a million bushels, making "binventory" crucial to the profitability of an operation. This ...

Description: The level transmitter is a small but vital component in a sewage lift or pump station that helps maintain system integrity and avoid unwanted spillage. ...

Description: Soundproofing fundamentally involves the means by which we can control the propagation of sound through acoustical interactions. It is therefore important to understand how acoustical interactions ...

Description: This application note is about Flanking Noise Through a Wall. In a previous application note, Sound Transmission Through a Wall, we discussed how sound is transmitted through the structure of a wall. ...

Description: Sonic-Shield believes an educated customer is our best customer, therefore we want to talk with you about the fundamentals of sound and hearing in order to help you understand your particular noise ...

Description: For effective soundproofing solutions one has to know how to combine decibels. First and foremost, sound from the loudest source will always dominate the overall sound level. The human ear is capable ...

Description: Improving room acoustics is as much of a challenge as providing soundproofing solutions. In a previous application note, Room Acoustics Testing and Analysis, we discussed the performance of a ...

Description: Interior sound transmission is a very common problem. Noise comes from anywhere and finds a way to get through any number of structures, windows, doors, duct work and floors and ceilings to disturb ...

Description: Noise, or unwanted sound, disturbs our peace and quiet in all aspects of our lives. Sound energy can be transmitted through several different media, including gases, liquids and solids. This enables ...

Description: Sonic-Shield explains sound barriers vs. sound absorption. Sonic-Shield offers a full range of soundproofing products and develops customized soundproofing solutions to solve even the most demanding ...

Description: Sonic-Shield's Soundproofing Glossary is designed with the average consumer in mind. Sonic-Shield believes that an educated customer will be our best and most loyal customer. To that end, we have ...

Description: The development of an effective soundproofing solution starts by first identifying the noise that is offensive, then determining the noise transmission path(s) and measuring the acoustic ...

Description: A necessary first step in developing an effective soundproofing solution involves the measurement and characterization of the noise frequently accomplished at least in part with sound level meters. ...

Description: Sound transmission through a wall is just one of the ways that sound is transmitted. Soundproofing fundamentally involves the means by which we can control the propagation of sound. This application ...

Description: Soundproofing a standby generator is becoming a more frequently encountered challenge when it comes to soundproofing. Standby generators have become increasingly popular in recent years with home and ...

Description: In previous application notes, Sound Transmission Through a Wall, and Flanking Noise Through a Wall, we discussed how sound is transmitted directly through the structure of the wall and indirectly ...

Description: Understanding acoustics, specifically indoor acoustics is important for your interaction with a soundproofing company. Three important acoustical concepts must be understood: decibels (dB), Sound ...

Description: RTDs are resistive devices, so lead wire resistance directly affects its accuracy.The error can be quite large, depending on the lead wire resistance (measured in ohms / foot).For example, an ...

Description: Analog (4 - 20 mA) transmitters provide a number of benefits for use in industrial sensing.The nature of current (versus voltage) loops is to maintain the proper current, even if there is significant ...

Description: An overview of threaded, flanged, weld-in and Van Stone thermowell dimensions. ...

Description: Having been involved in the design, manufacture and application of temperature sensors for twenty years, I have done a number of training seminars on temperature sensors. After presenting long winded ...

Description: As a general rule, industrial thermocouples can be made to withstand higher temperatures and come in a wider variety of thermocouple types. MgO thermocouples are flexible and have wider selection of ...

Description: The LGR-ICOSTM Process Analyzer from ABB is a new, smart, industrial analyzer that provides a simple, robust and sensitive method of directly measuring trace O2 for purity verification and combustion ...

Description: There are many factors that are in play for the number of sensors required. It would be nice if there was a simple formula such as one sensor per square foot or per square meter. A formula sometimes ...

Description: You need a mapping strategy for several reasons. One, it's important for any regulators or approvers to understand the philosophy employed for the mapping. A documented strategy will decrease ...

Description: Mapping is the process of determining the temperature and humidity gradients within a controlled space. It is a critical process when the product is regulated by government agencies such as the US ...

Description: There are several guidelines from a myriad of agencies around the world. This table lists several agencies and related documents pertaining to the pharmaceutical industry in North America. ...

Description: Atmospheric and non-atmospheric parameters in the air space challenge researchers, weather services and airports. Although these applications pursue different targets, there's one sensor system, ...

Description: Columbia Weather Systems specializes in industrial-grade weather stations for professional weather monitoring. Their weather stations integrate meteorological sensors and monitoring options that serve ...

Description: Most turbines use mechanical anemometers and wind vanes to measure conditions at a wind farm. Data collected, including the wind speed and direction, is then sent to the turbine controllers, which ...

Description: New solar PV farm projects require the use of meteorological (MET) weather stations to achieve and maintain efficiencies critical to power and revenue generation. Nor-Cal Controls ES, Inc. has ...

Description: Pacific Power Engineers, Inc. (PPE) was formed by experienced engineers from different branches and offers a range of services e.g. in project management. Together with Lufft USA we provide ...

Description: Last winter, I was one of three salesmen who were on tour all over Germany to visit MARWIS prospects and to invite them to a live demo tour. We visited all the facilities responsible for clearing ...

Description: "More Stations. More Data. Better Forecasts." - that's the slogan of New York State Mesonet. The weather observation network consists of a total of 125 weather stations all over the state of New York ...

Description: The TU Delft Solar Boat Team looks back on a successful season in July: They were able to win five different awards of this year's Dutch Solar Challenge (the Fryske Marren Prize, the Time Trial Award, ...

Description: In November 2015, the chairman of the German Radio Amateurs Club's (DARC) local association in Ravensburg, Germany introduced himself and explained how we helped to realize one of their dreams by ...

Description: Optical (chilled mirror) is the most-widely used technology for calibration of dewpoint and relative humidity sensors and transmitters. Optical (chilled mirror) hygrometers are also used in ...

Description: Moisture is not only a process variable to be measured in industrial applications, but also a common contaminant which must be controlled. ...

Description: When I learned that the Kalitta Motorsports Top Fuel and Funny Car drag racing team was located right here in Michigan, I thought that a dragster would be an exciting application for TECAT's wireless ...

Description: Several weeks ago the EPA published the highly anticipated Phase 2 of its Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Fuel Efficiency Standards for Medium- and Heavy-Duty Engines and Vehicles (GHG). The Phase 2 ...

Description: Despite their frequent use, terms such as accuracy, resolution, repeatability and linearity are often misunderstood. As critical factors in the selection of a displacement sensor as well as in many ...

Description: The principle of triangulation - the geometric measurement using three-point relationships - has been known for many centuries. In the 18th century, this land survey method established itself in ...

Description: Relative Humidity of a gas is defined as the percentage ratio of the amount of water vapor present in the gas to the maximum amount of water vapor possible at that same temperature. At temperatures ...

Description: Sulphur hexafluoride, SF6, is a non-toxic, inert, insulating and cooling gas of high dielectric strength and thermal stability. Due to its high dielectric strength, it is particularly suited for ...

Description: There is a burgeoning demand for hydrogen, spurred by such rapidly growing applications as fuel cells, petroleum refining, ammonia production, metal production, aerospace and chemical processing. ...

Description: Testing by the authorities has shown that at elevated temperatures the Lower Flammable Limit decreases, that is, the mixture increases in flammability. ...

Description: For an analyzer with wide variation in response factors to the solvents of interest, there could be a considerable error from the assumption that the solvent mixture is uniform in each zone of the ...

Description: Each solvent has a characteristic "flash point." This is the minimum temperature at which the solvent can produce sufficient vapors to form a flammable concentration in air at its surface. The flash ...

Description: The ability of the analyzer to measure the solvent concentration depends on the delivery of the solvent vapor to the analyzer through a sampling system in which all elements in contact with sample are ...

Description: Several analyzer types are of sufficiently sound design and manufacture to meet the industry-standard requirements for general purpose gas detection. Many of these also maintain this accuracy under ...

Description: The first or second zone might normally show the highest solvent concentration. But during an upset, it is not necessarily the zone where the peak concentration will appear. Excess solvent from an ...

Description: An analyzer should respond uniformly to all solvents that might be used. Any differences between individual solvent response factors should not reduce the margin of safety. Typically, this means that ...

Description: Because the analyzer response time is critical, large pre-conditioning filters in the sample line are to be avoided. The delay in a filter can be estimated by dividing the filter volume by the sample ...

Description: Unfortunately, the process of preparing accurate solvent mixtures for the precise calibration of the analyzer under the actual operating conditions is sufficiently difficult and unreliable in many ...

Description: The practical difficulty in accurately preparing and storing exact solvent concentrations often precludes their use. Multiple solvent mixtures are even more difficult to adequately control. ...

Description: Chlorine (CL2) is a member of the halogen elements group that is highly reactive and bonds easily with hydrogen to form HCL acid. HCL attacks stainless steel aggressively - literally passivating the ...

Description: In the production of aluminium strips, strip thickness is one of the most important parameters, since it is significant for further processing. Width too plays a major role - among other things when ...

Description: "Rule of thumb" flow per line size chart. ...

Description: A load cell is a transducer that converts an input force into a measurable electrical output. Load cells are built with different force measurement devices; however, strain gage load cells are the ...

Description: Ultrasonic flow meters are non-intrusive devices that use acoustic vibrations to measure the flow rate of liquid. There are two types, Doppler and transit time. Both are designed to clamp onto the ...

Description: This application refers to the development of a bilge pump on a boat, which senses accumulating water in the bottom of the boat, which in turn operates a pump removing the water. ...

Description: In the production of high purity water, dissolved silica is known to be the first ion to breakthrough when the ion-exchanger resin approaches depletion. Therefore, rinse water quality is critical to ...

Description: Obstructions in cooling can wreak havoc on molding. Here, a well-known supplier to molders that also molds recounts its experience and offers tips on how you can keep things flowing. ...