Sensors, Transducers and Detectors Reference Materials
Reference Articles 1901 - 2000 of 3116
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Application Note: Beer Brewing Industry Application
Description: ABB LM80 laser level transmitters were installed for this application at a brewery in the US Midwest. The laser transmitters were mounted on a support beam off the ceiling such that the distance to ...
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Application Note: Flowmeters for Batch Dosing
Description: In the food industry, it is frequently necessary to dose, pump, mix and blend liquids. Continuous mixing processes can be implemented directly in piping using ratio-based or Blendline control systems, ...
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Application Note: Optimizing Combustion in a Lime Oven
Description: To optimize combustion in a lime oven, the air flow must preferably be captured in standard units such as scfm. The air is sucked in from the atmosphere, with the pressure being virtually constant at ...
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Application Note: Reliable Measurement and Automation in the Milk Processing Industry
Description: Milk is an important food for us. It is a natural product and consists primarily of water, fat, protein, milk sugar (lactose) and mineral compounds. It also contains enzymes, vitamins and trace ...
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Application Note: Sugar Mill Carbonation Process
Description: Milling crushes, shreds or presses the cane or beets to extract the juice to which calcium oxide (milk of lime) is added. The calcium oxide raises the pH of the juice to a little over 11 and the water ...
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Application Note: Sugar Mill Liming Process
Description: To extract raw sugar juice, the mill first crushes, shreds, or presses the cane or beets. The raw juice is highly pure, but contains undesirable organic and inorganic non-sugar constituents together ...
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Case Study: High Accuracy Flowrate and Alcohol Content Measurements in a Distillery
Description: The Kraul & Wilkening u. Stelling company has been producing bio-ethanol and technical alcohol since 1856 and is a specialist in the production of highly concentrated alcohol. ...
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Don't Take Control - Cascade It (Part 1)
From: Brooks InstrumentDescription: Many users who need to control gas flow in their process don't want to spend a lot of time setting up their own flow control scheme, and instead purchase a mass flow controller. ...
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Electronic Pressure Controller Eliminates Droop, Boost and Hysteresis
From: Brooks InstrumentDescription: Gas pressure control is critical in many applications like life sciences and chemical/petrochemical research where flow is an integral part of the process. ...
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Handling Pressure Variation With a Mass Flow Controller
From: Brooks InstrumentDescription: Pressures in the reactor vessel can range from a few hundred PSIG to several thousand PSIG. Since an MFC is a closed loop control system with a valve that is sized for a specific set of conditions for ...
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How a Remote Valve on Your Liquid Controller Can Ease Your Process Pain
From: Brooks InstrumentDescription: Are you utilizing high pressures in your applications (> 1500 psig)? Have you had issues with down time due to clogged valves? Does your process utilize a gas that acts as a super-critical fluid? ...
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Is Your MFC Displaying/Outputting A Flow Signal (Or Negative Flow) With No Gas Going Through The Device?
From: Brooks InstrumentDescription: There are many reasons why this can occur, such as a change in mounting orientation, ambient temperature, or process pressure. ...
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Liquid Level Measurement Using the "Bubbler Method"
From: Brooks InstrumentDescription: Measurement of the level of a liquid in a tank using a pressure transmitter to measure the pressure created by the weight of the liquid. The key feature of this method is the use of a small diameter ...
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Safety First - Process Instrumentation Material Considerations
From: Brooks InstrumentDescription: When specifying flow, pressure, temperature or other wetted process control instrumentation there is a lot that needs to be considered: flow rates, pressures, temperatures, I/O signals, material ...
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Sparging with Mass Flow Controllers Makes Wine Taste Better
From: Brooks InstrumentDescription: The sparging of CO2 and O2 in bioprocessing controls the pH and dissolved O2 levels required to maintain the ideal fermentation environment in bioprocessing. ...
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Understanding Mass Flow Controller (MFC) Accuracy
From: Brooks InstrumentDescription: One of the key factors typically considered when selecting a measurement device, such as a mass flow controller (MFC), is accuracy. Anyone who has researched Mass Flow Controller accuracy likely knows ...
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Understanding Mean Time Between Failure (MTBF) for Process Instrumentation
From: Brooks InstrumentDescription: MTBF is largely based on assumptions and the definition of failure and attention to these details is important for proper interpretation. ...
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Lufft Snow Height Sensor SHM30 Reveals Secrets About Antarctica
From: LufftUSADescription: Neumayer Station III, short Neumayer III of the German Alfred Wegener Institute (AWI) is the biggest as well as most important research station of the central Antarctica. It was named after the ...
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Mechanical vs. Ultrasonic Wind Sensors - a Cost Benefit Analysis
From: LufftUSADescription: The following part of a recent analysis shows that the replacement of mechanical wind sensors trough ultrasonic anemometers in wind turbine control pays off after less than two years already... ...
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Wind Turbine Controlling of the Future
From: LufftUSADescription: Higher, more robust, more reliable: Parallel to the growing requirements for wind turbines, the requirements for monitoring sensors grow as well. But how can wind sensor manufacturers fulfil these ...
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Back to the Basics: Catalytic Combustion
Description: The catalytic detector consists of two small electrically heated beads having a finely divided platinum or palladium coating on the surface. A reference bead ONLY responds to changes in: The two beads ...
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Back to the Basics: Flame Ionization
Description: Combustible gases burned in a hydrogen flame produce ions that can be measured as a weak current through an imposed electric field. A well designed FID efficiently and completely burns the sample by ...
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Back to the Basics: Flame Temperature
Description: The small, well-regulated flame heats the tip of a temperature sensor suspended directly above it. The signal produced by the sensor when no flammable vapors are present drives the LFL indicator up to ...
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Back to the Basics: Infrared Absorption
Description: A typical non-dispersive infrared detector passes a pulsed source of infrared energy through the sample, and measures the energy received by two detectors. One "active" detector responds to ...
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Back to the Basics: LFL Analyzers and Control Systems
Description: Although several different types of sensors are employed as LFL monitors, each has an appropriate application to which it is best suited. Other types of detectors, for example electrochemical and ...
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Back to the Basics: Sample Probe Location
Description: A key element in analyzer performance is the sampling location. Failure to install the sample probe in a "representative" location can lead to inaccurate or greatly delayed readings. A location ...
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Back to the Basics: Sampling System Issues
Description: The speed and accuracy of the analyzer depend equally upon the sampling system and the detector. The final development of the worst accidents occurs in seconds. It is part of the last line of defense ...
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Melt Pressure Measurement: Environmental Effects
From: DyniscoDescription: The Need For Pressure Measurement in Extrusion In order to maintain the dimensional stability necessary to produce extruded products that meet todays precise quality and tolerance specifications, it ...
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Melt-Pressure Transducers Part I
From: DyniscoDescription: Extrusion processors are employing melt pressure transducers more and more frequently to help them improve output and melt quality, enhance production safety, and safeguard machinery. To select the ...
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Melt-Pressure Transducers Part II
From: DyniscoDescription: When selecting a melt pressure transducer, the first factor you should consider is the pressure range that will be measured. Available in ranges between 0 and 25 psi and 0 and 30,000 psi, transducers ...
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Rotronic - How to Avoid the Most Common Mapping Project Mistakes
Description: In spite of the headline, it is difficult to pin point the one single most common mistake. Most of the Mapping Matters e-newsletters discuss the mapping process and are not focusing on what not to do. ...
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Humidity Sensor Accuracy Demystified - ROTRONIC
Description: Comparing long term performance of RH measurement instruments involves more than simply comparing the humidity sensor accuracy specifications listed on the datasheets. The Accuracy specification ...
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Rotronic - Dew Point Temperature FAQ
Description: Read this Rotronic Technical Note and get answers to these common questions about dew point temperature. ...
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Mechanical vs. Ultrasonic Anemometers for Wind Turbine Control
From: LufftUSADescription: The following part of a recent analysis shows that the replacement of mechanical wind sensors trough ultrasonic anemometers in wind turbine control pays off after less than two years already... ...
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Basic Techniques of Vibration Measurement and Diagnosis
From: CAS DataLoggersDescription: Vibration monitoring is a major machine monitoring application with a focus on fault diagnosis, one with a significant area for savings. CAS DataLoggers outlines the basic techniques and software ...
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Monochloramine Monitoring - Reliable Analysis, Safer Drinking Water
Description: The Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA), enacted in 1974, is the main federal law that ensures the quality of Americans' drinking water. Under SDWA, EPA sets standards for drinking water quality and ...
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Monitoring Cement Plant Stack Emissions Using FTIR
Description: A major U.S. cement manufacturing facility completed a five-month field trial of the ABB ACF5000 hot / wet extractive FTIR Continuous Emission Monitoring System (CEMS) in August 2015. ...
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Lufft V200A Wind Sensor at Tsakona Bridge
From: LufftUSADescription: We are proud that LUFFT/AEVEKO supplied two V200A Wind sensors to the company Set Point Technologies Ltd to be installed in the new Tsakona Bridge. ...
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Back to the Basics: Elimination of Pockets
Description: Places where pockets of high concentration might occur through uneven ventilation flow or obstruction by the product being coated should be sought out and eliminated. In general, the concentration ...
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Back to the Basics: Detection of Ventilation Loss
Description: The minimum ventilation calculations should be made for the "worst case." A direct measurement of the ventilation rate - using properly situated low-pressure switches - should be connected to the ...
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HydroMet Calibration Vehicle with WS501 Weather Station on Board
From: LufftUSADescription: The Office of Meteorology and Hydrology in Mexico equipped a vehicle with measurement technology for verification of their Hydro-Met stations. We are proud that they decided to choose our smart WS501 ...
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Made to Measure or Off the Shelf? Wind Sensors for Wind turbines
From: LufftUSADescription: Klaus Hirzel, CEO at Lufft Mess- und Regeltechnik GmbH, questions why turbine manufacturers have never asked suppliers for their ideal set of environmental sensors .... ...
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Sonic Wind Sensors As Part of Second Longest Bridge in Greece
From: LufftUSADescription: We are proud that our sonic wind sensors V200A are part of the second longest bridge in Greece.... ...
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3 APPROACHES TO WEB TENSION MEASUREMENT
Description: There are three predominant tension measurement technologies in use today. ...
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Newspaper Press Tension Measurement
Description: Identifying problems or deviations that cause running web breaks is not black magic. The solution starts with measuring the process variables that are critical to a successful print run on your press, ...
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The Invisible Fine Dust
From: LufftUSADescription: Mobile measurement of fine dust with the help of our mobile weather sensor MARWIS? This becomes true with the help of the FDS 15 fine dust sensor from the company Födisch AG! With this combination you ...
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Solar Powered Thermal Mass Flow Meters for Oil Field Flare Gas Monitoring System
Description: How do you operate new gas flow meters at an oil field without utility power service in the remote southern Bakken formation region of North Dakota? That was the challenge facing Legacy Reserves LP at ...
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Wastewater Plant Relies on Thermal Flow Meter for Co-Gen Power Gas Blending Process
Description: The Rahway Valley Sewerage Authority (RVSA), which operates a large wastewater treatment plant in New Jersey, embarked on a green co-generation waste-to-energy project to power a portion of its ...
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Garage Ventilation | Engineering Data
From: Arjay EngineeringDescription: Ventilation shall be provided in garages to limit the exposure of workers to carbon monoxide to below the Time-Weighted Average Exposure Value (TWAEV) of 25 parts per million for a normal 8 hour ...
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Typical Sensor Location Considerations
From: Arjay EngineeringDescription: The sensor mounting location within a space may be dependent on many variables. There are no specific formulas since each application will have its own determining factors and priorities. ...
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NOTES ON CO2 (INDOOR AIR QUALITY)
From: Arjay EngineeringDescription: Welcome to ASHRAE Journal's Technical Q&A column. This column provides readers with an opportunity to ask technical questions and have the answers published. Each month the editors will select a ...
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Gas Monitoring for Ventilation Control and Energy Management (Vehicle Garages)
From: Arjay EngineeringDescription: The growing demand for underground and enclosed parking and maintenance garages (resulting from limitations on land availability) has increased the awareness and need for proper ventilation and ...
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A Guide to Oil in Water Monitoring for Environmental Compliance
From: Arjay EngineeringDescription: This guide focuses on oil in water for environmental compliance. However, much of the content can be applied to process applications as well. Since most environmental concern is directed to petroleum ...
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FLO Cycling - Fairly Priced Professional Cycling Wheels
From: LufftUSADescription: FLO Cycling is the company of the twins Jon and Chris Thornham from Canada, Dartmouth. They turned their hobby into a career and developed revolutionary racing bike wheels out of carbon fiber, which ...
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MARWIS Helps to Qualify Car Tyres in Brazil
From: LufftUSADescription: With the help of MARWIS, INMETRO can draw conclusions on the tyre's braking and steering performance at different water film heights. All measured data can be viewed in real time inside the vehicle by ...
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Road Weather Information Stations: On the Spot or to Go?
From: LufftUSADescription: With the mobile road sensor MARWIS we've transformed vehicles into mobile road weather stations. Most stationary measuring systems are also equipped with weather sensors for detecting the ...
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Back to the Basics: Minimum Ventilation Rate
Description: There are several fundamental safety precautions which should be applied to all dryer designs. These requirements call for a minimum below which the ventilation rate is never reduced. This ...
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Back to the Basics: Safe Reduction of Ventilation
Description: Last week we discussed the 2 cases at which the authorities have determined that certain industrial processes can proceed at solvent vapor concentrations up to, but not exceeding, some percentage of ...
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Back to the Basics: Secure Damper Positions
Description: The minimum ventilation calculations should be made for the "worst case." A direct measurement of the ventilation rate - using properly situated low-pressure switches - should be connected to the ...
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Back to the Basics: The Steady State
Description: In order to determine the suitability of a particular analyzer system, it is useful to study potential process upsets. There are two main types of process upsets that could present a hazardous ...
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Thermopile Time Constant Determination
Description: The time constant of thermopile detectors can be determined by several methods depending on the specific waveform of the radiation used to excite the detector. If the detector is subject to a step ...
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Influence of Temperature on Electrical Conductivity of Diluted Aqueous Solutions
Description: As conductivity is temperature dependent, all values reported in the major cycle chemistry guidelines are specified for a standard temperature of 25 °C. For this reason, most current conductivity ...
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Selecting a Low-Maintenance Sensor for Safety Monitoring of Oxygen and Carbon Monoxide Levels in Industrial Processes and Environments
Description: For safety, legal, and compliance reasons industrial plants must monitor oxygen (O2) and carbon monoxide (CO) levels in processes and structures. Traditional technologies for detecting these gases ...
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Consumption Calculation Enables Reducing Fuel Costs
From: Fluidwell bvDescription: The challenge: a high multiplicity of different fuel supply systems for diesel engines on the market. ...
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Ensuring Level Monitoring in Hazardous Areas
From: Fluidwell bvDescription: Our customer is a manufacturer of storage tanks for all types of industries, including petrochemical. They received an order for a number of storage tanks for water, condensate, oil and other fluids. ...
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Salt Solution: Where Strict Demands Are Met Smoothly
From: Fluidwell bvDescription: Blumer & Lehmann in Switzerland is specialized in producing wooden (anti-corrosive) silos for salt (for icy roads). B&L needed a stable and reliable level measurement of the salt in their silos. This ...
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Phosphate Corrosion Control in Drinking Water
Description: Corrosion occurs because metals tend to oxidize when they come in contact with oxygenated water, resulting in the formation of stable metal oxides. Corrosion in water distribution systems can impact ...
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Colour Measurement of the Floorboards
From: Micro-Epsilon GroupDescription: Plastic floorboards are made of coloured granules and shaped by extrusion. After the production process, it must be guaranteed that the colour of the floorboards is homogenous and that there are no ...
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High Precision Colour Measurement Even on Curved Surfaces
From: Micro-Epsilon GroupDescription: Conventional colour sensors struggle to provide accurate measurement results on curved or structured surfaces. The colorCONTROL ACS7000 inline colour measurement system developed by Micro-Epsilon is ...
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Inline Colour Measurement of Transparent Film
From: Micro-Epsilon GroupDescription: In non-contact monitoring of continuously produced transparent strips of film, each millimetre of strip produced must be identical in colour. As well as colour fluctuations, streaks can occur during ...
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Precision Displacement Measurement Using Draw-wire Sensors
From: Micro-Epsilon GroupDescription: Displacement measurement using draw-wire sensors can be compared to taking measurements with a tape measure. For more than 60 years, wire has been used to measure position and distances between 50mm ...
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Quality Assurance for Pharmaceutical Production
From: Micro-Epsilon GroupDescription: The pharmaceutical industry is renowned for its innovations. However, developments in the field of research often pose challenges for industrial production. Consequently, a well-known pharmaceutical ...
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Application Story: Bronkhorst Measure Super Critical Fluids for Carbon Capture
From: Bronkhorst USADescription: Bronkhorst® Coriolis instruments have been successfully used for many years by Oil & Gas research and development centres, whether directly within their own R&D facility or indirectly through ...
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Application Story: Liquid Propane Injection at Biogas Production Plants
From: Bronkhorst USADescription: Bronkhorst® has become firmly established as the market leader in low flow gas & liquid measurement and control by selecting the correct technology and methodology from their broad product ...
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Cost Savings by Dosing Raw Materials at Low Flow Rates
From: Bronkhorst USADescription: Bronkhorst has become firmly established as the market leader in low flow gas & liquid measurement and control by selecting the correct technology and methodology from their broad product repertoire ...
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Dosing of Supercritical Fluids in Reactors
From: Bronkhorst USADescription: Many reactions and extractions in chemical compression reactions work by adding organic solvents. The use of supercritical fluids, such as CO2, is increasingly becoming a greener and more efficient ...
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Dosing System for Clearer Vision
From: Bronkhorst USADescription: Bronkhorst has been working with a manufacturer of contact lenses to improve the dosing of cleaning solution within their manufacturing process. The customer, a leading supplier of daily contact ...
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Drawing on German Expertise in Micro- and Nanotechnology
From: Bronkhorst USADescription: Bronkhorst High-Tech develops and manufactures flow meters and controllers and is always looking to improve the level of quality it provides through collaboration with its suppliers. In this regard, ...
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H2O2 Sterilisation
From: Bronkhorst USADescription: In the pharmaceutical industry, the use of dry vapour hydrogen peroxide (DVHP) plays an important role in the sterilisation of surfaces. Hydrogen peroxide can be used to sterilise large surfaces as ...
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High-end Dosing of Additives in Food Production
From: Bronkhorst USADescription: Within the last decade the usage of natural ingredients is coming more and more into the consumer's focus. Therefore food and beverage producers worldwide have to react to fulfill the market needs. ...
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Minimising the Use of Environmentally-resistant Additives
From: Bronkhorst USADescription: The main priority of DuPont de Nemours is to make sure that work is carried out safely but it is also committed to protecting the environment. It is making every effort to do that and in the process, ...
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Precise and Extremely Compact
From: Bronkhorst USADescription: Mini Coriolis meter as a compact controller In process engineering, measurement and control always belong together. In spite of this, the two tasks are usually considered and instrumented separately. ...
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The Next Quantum Leap for Gas Flow Measurement and Control
From: Bronkhorst USADescription: Bronkhorst has successfully supplied gas, liquid, and vapour flow/pressure measurement and control instrumentation to numerous industries over 34 years. ...
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Thermistor Options
Description: To make a radiometric measurement with thermopile detectors, you will need to approximate the thermopile's cold junction temperature. Dexter offers optional externally mounted thermistors for all ...
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Back to the Basics: Flammable Hazards
Description: The next topic in our "back to the basics" series is flammable hazards. It's important to understand what causes a fire or explosion to occur in a process before you can even think about preventing ...
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Back to the Basics: LFL
Description: For each flammable substance there is a level of concentration in air, usually expressed as a percent by volume, that is known as its Lower Flammable Limit, LFL, or Lower Explosive Limit, LEL. Below ...
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Back to the Basics: Limits to Solvent Vapor Concentration
Description: The authorities have determined that certain industrial processes can proceed at solvent vapor concentrations up to, but not exceeding, some percentage of the Lower Flammable Limit. The solvent ...
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Back to the Basics: Temperature Effects on LFL
Description: Most published LFL values are calculated at room temperature. But as a given mixture is heated, its flammability increases and thus the concentration required to achieve 100% of its LFL is less. This ...
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Back to the Basics: The Role Of The Analyzer
Description: Many businesses make resolutions, but when they don't work, it's often because the goals are impossible to achieve, the fixes that are needed can't happen in a short time, or there are simply too ...
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Back to the Basics: Variation in Published LFL Values
Description: Almost all LFL data is rounded off to the nearest tenth of a percent by volume. A significant proportion of substances have LFL values with a standard deviation from the average of 0.1% by volume or ...
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3-D Magnetic Field Mapping for Reed Sensors
Description: This presentation introduces the concept of magnetic mapping and how it helps the reed sensor design. ...
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Activation Distances
Description: A table of activate distances, resulting from position and movement of the actuator magnet. ...
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Automotive Liquid Level Sensing
Description: Level sensing product training module. ...
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Effects of Encapsulation Gas on Thermopile Detectors
Description: The selection of encapsulating gas in a thermopile detector package affects four important performance parameters: the output voltage, responsivity, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and time constant. ...
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Liquid Level Sensors Overview
Description: This presentation explores the different types of level sensors and their applications. ...
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Reed Sensor Vs Hall Effect And Electromechanical
Description: This presentation explores the different technologies to find the right one for a given sensor application. ...
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Reed Sensors vs. Hall Effect Sensors
Description: Since their introduction several years ago, the Hall effect sensor has captured the imagination of design engineers. Generally, it was thought that if it's in solid state that it's a more reliable ...
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Smart Automotive Market Applications & Transportation Industry
Description: An overview of automotive sensors. ...
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A Standard for Users and Manufacturers of Thermal Dispersion Mass Flow Meters
From: Sierra Instruments, Inc.Description: Thermal dispersion mass flowmeters comprise a family of instruments for the measurement of the total mass flow rate of a fluid, primarily gases, flowing through closed conduits. ...
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Advances in Thermal Dispersion Mass Flow Meters - Part 1: Principle of Operation
From: Sierra Instruments, Inc.Description: This paper describes an advanced microprocessor-based thermal dispersion mass flow meter that uses four temperature sensing elements in its flow sensor instead of the traditional two elements and has ...