RF, Microwave, and Wireless Components Reference Materials

Description: Modern wideband microwave systems often require a flat overall gain response with respect to frequency. Achieving this performance can be difficult, however, since most wideband microwave components ...

Description: Low Noise Amplifier (LNA) MMICs are a critical component in virtually all radar, wireless communication and instrumentation systems. There are a wide range of options and tradeoffs an engineer must ...

Description: Phase noise is rapidly becoming the most critical factor addressed in sophisticated radar and communication systems. This is because it is the key parameter defining target acquisition in radars and ...

Description: When microwave engineers hear the words "Gallium Nitride" (GaN), one thought usually comes to their minds: power amplifiers. Due to its physical properties of high-breakdown voltage and high-thermal ...

Description: In modern telecommunication systems, the range of parameters an engineer must consider while optimizing a design is staggering. Not only must electrical specifications be achieved, but physical and ...

Description: The Gallium Nitride (GaN) high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) is well known for its use in microwave and millimeter wave power amplifiers due to its high breakdown voltage and ability to handle ...

Description: In this paper, the placement of microwave absorbers on the outer layers of multi-layer printed circuits boards (PCBs) with several high speed channels, to mitigate electromagnetic radiations from ...

Description: There's increasing demand for low power long-range wireless devices to serve the needs of the emerging IIoT market. Collectively known as LPWA (Low Power Wide Area), the main players are Sigfox, LoRa, ...

Description: An attenuator is an electrical component that reduces the amplitude of a signal passing through it without significantly degrading the integrity of that signal. In a programmable or step attenuator, ...

Description: The current state-of-art and comparing the benefits of advanced wireless charging solutions using a totally integrated approach. ...

Description: The smartphone market has diversified into multiple categories with differing design goals and priorities, which require different approaches to RF front end (RFFE) integration. Flagship phones are ...

Description: In the past 10 years, the use of military radios has increased dramatically, and, in turn, so has the need to test those radios. In part, this increase stems from the advent of such military-based ...

Description: Voltage Standing Wave Ratio - Is the ratio of the maximum to minimum amplitude (or the voltage or current) of the corresponding field components appearing on a line that feeds an antenna. Here is an ...

Description: Voltage Standing Wave Ratio - Is the ratio of the maximum to minimum amplitude (or the voltage or current) of the corresponding field components appearing on a line that feeds an antenna. ...

Description: Voltage Standing Wave Ratio - Is the ratio of the maximum to minimum amplitude (or the voltage or current) of the corresponding field components appearing on a line that feeds an antenna. VSWR Cheat ...

Description: Not all Bluetooth® Low Energy (BLE), Wi-Fi or ZigBee® solutions are created equal. That is the inescapable conclusion of some recent tests comparing popular system-on-chip (SoC) platforms ...

Description: The cultural development of humanity is essentially determined by communication. A major problem of linguistic communication, however, lies in the limited range of sound waves. A virtually unlimited ...

Description: In order to help better identify signals of interest from ambient signals that might already be in the area, we have included a table of VHF, UHF, and FM frequencies, as a companion to our TDS-536 TV ...

Description: There are many different conducted susceptibility test procedures, below is an example of bulk current injection (BCI) testing. Other specifications on bulk current injection and susceptibility ...

Description: They say that creativity thrives on constraints and not many design situations are more constrained than wireless devices. The notion of "always on" connectivity comes with significant analog and RF ...

Description: Selecting the most appropriate RF components is the key to successfully addressing the requirements of these applications. Here we look at the growing demand for RF communications, highlight the ...

Description: As today's wireless networks become more and more complex, so do the requirements for testing them. JFW Industries has put together a helpful instruction on how to make sure that the RF test system ...

Description: Receiver system designers are seeing a change from the widely adopted heterodyne architecture to a direct RF-sampling approach. In the traditional receiver, the designer selects the analog-to-digital ...

Description: AIRDATA AG offers a portable way of accessing the Internet using new 3G standards. The new Internet access has completed a successful trial and it is now possible to use the Internet wirelessly in ...

Description: BCL (Broadcast Communications Limited) is an experienced wireless solutions partner in the New Zealand communications industry supplying broadcast and telecommunications services for over 60 years. ...

Description: In 2005 BAE Systems was awarded a $2 million contract to provide a Continuous Wave (CW) Doppler radar to the UK Aberporth Test and Evaluation Range, operated by QinetiQ on behalf of the UK Ministry of ...

Description: One of the world's leading motorsport and automotive groups, Prodrive run a series of high profile programmes around the world, including the Ferrari 550 GTS programme in the Le Mans 24 hours and ...

Description: The X-48B was an experimental X-Plane and a joint venture between NASA, US Air Force Research Laboratory and The Boeing Company. The X-48B is an unmanned airborne scale model BWB (Blended Wing Body) ...

Description: Cobham Antenna Systems designed a light weight, directional antenna (model DHDA-2.4V/1448) for integration within the Body Worn Video Wireless Solution developed by Reveal Media and Cobham Tactical ...

Description: Cobham Antenna Systems designed this light weight, directional antenna (model DHD-2.4V/1448) for integration within the Body Worn Video Wireless Solution, developed by Reveal Media and Cobham Tactical ...

Description: Cobham Antenna Systems, Microwave Antennas has designed a new body-worn antenna for the Thales UK Future Integrated Soldier Technology (FIST) programme, part of the Soldier Modernisation programme. ...

Description: Cobham Antenna Systems, Microwave Antennas has designed and manufactured antennas for Thales for use on Section 2 of the Channel Tunnel Rail Link (CTRL) project between Fawkham Junction in Kent and ...

Description: MARK Resources, Inc. was founded in 1974 by several experienced engineers who wanted to establish a creative work environment for advancing state-of-the-art radar system technology. Today, MARK ...

Description: Cobham Antenna Systems, Microwave Antennas are pleased to have supplied the London Fire Brigade with antennas that have been mounted on the mobile Command Unit vehicles. The antenna is a compact, ...

Description: Port of Felixstowe (PFL) is the largest container port in the UK and one of the leading ports in Europe. PFL is a member of the Hutchison Port Holdings Group, the world's leading port investor, ...

Description: The dual polar Regional BGAN external antenna model FPA17-17RL/1020 has been superseded by model FPA17-RBGAN/1281. The new antenna has right hand circular polarisation only and is exactly the same ...

Description: Cobham Antenna Systems, Microwave Antennas, in partnership with Jenkins Engineering Defence Systems and BAE Systems Australia, developed and built a new sector antenna solution for the Royal ...

Description: Cobham Antennas Systems, Microwave Antennas has supplied Swedish Space Corporation with an omni antenna for use on their balloon gondola, providing an effective link to transmit data to the ground. ...

Description: Cobham Antenna Systems, Microwave Antennas developed a directional antenna (FPA-0.4-2.7R/2023) specifically for an airport application in the US.Developed for an airport in New York, the antenna was ...

Description: Homes are getting smarter, and this means the components that allow the processes within products need to be smarter as well. In today's world, homes are being stocked full of items that are ...

Description: One of the greatest changes to home security technology has been the introduction of remote monitoring and control of systems via mobile devices. This fundamental change in the way home security ...

Description: The knowledge of operational loads on a helicopter rotating components is important for condition based maintenance (CBM) and health usage monitoring systems (HUMS). In the past, the need to deploy ...

Description: We report on the development and test of an integrated structural health monitoring and reporting (SHMR) system for use on Navy aircraft. Our goal was to develop and test a versatile, fully ...

Description: Direct load monitoring of helicopter rotating structural components could provide enhanced condition based maintenance and improved flight regime recognition for future health and usage monitoring ...

Description: With a myriad of wireless sensors available, it can become confusing to determine which one is best for you. This paper outlines the most important considerations when selecting a wireless sensor, to ...

Description: Digital signage is a development of traditional signage and nowadays it is available in wireless form as well. Digital signs use LCD, LED and projectors to display digital images, videos, and ...

Description: An RF module is a small electronic device designed for transmission and reception of radio signals between two devices. As the name suggests, these modules operate at radio frequency and transmit ...

Description: An RF Wireless Module is a small electronic device used to transmit or receive radio signals between two devices. Such modules are complex to build and requires careful monitoring in the manufacturing ...

Description: With the discontinuation of the Holtek® encoders and decoders, the KH2 Series is also being discontinued. Linx has developed the KH3 Series as a replacement. The KH3 replaces the Holtek® ...

Description: One application for Linx RF modules is to make a transceiver out of the separate transmitter and receiver modules. This allows for the bi-directional transfer of information while using low-cost and ...

Description: As wireless systems have become more integrated and lower in cost, more and more products are seeking a competitive edge through the addition of remote control features. Despite this wireless ...

Description: Embedded antennas are ideal for products that cannot use an external antenna. The reasons for this can range from ergonomic or aesthetic reasons or perhaps the product needs to be sealed because it is ...

Description: Wi-Fi® is the most ubiquitous wireless connectivity technology today. After becoming a standard feature in all laptops, smartphones and tablets, Wi-Fi is being added to simpler products like home ...

Description: There are several dimensions to the scalability of general-purpose microcontrollers (MCUs). In addition to the standard peripherals required, a product family will typically offer developers a range ...

Description: It has been over a decade since the term Internet of Things (IoT) was first coined. Making its way to the center of the stage, it has now become mainstream. All of a sudden, leading companies are ...

Description: This application report provides real-world measurement results showing the benefit of antenna diversity. The CC1200 radio transceiver is used as an example in this design note, but the results are ...

Description: This reference design is an example of using the SimpleLink™ Bluetooth low energy CC2540Thigh temperature range wireless microcontroller in lighting applications. The board includes RGBW LEDs ...

Description: A Bluetooth Smart reference design for long-range applications. Use the CC2590 range extender to increase output power and improve sensitivity and thus achieve much longer range. ...

Description: This application report provides the necessary information in order to use the voltage sensor of the CC112x and CC120x family. The voltage sensor can be used to monitor the supply and battery voltage ...

Description: More consumers are streaming music than ever before - from their smartphones, laptops, tablet computers and other devices to a variety of wirelessly connected audio devices, like portable speakers, ...

Description: This application note describes the implementation and integration of energy metering into a TI ZigBee Stack (Z-Stack™) using the CC2538 platform. The CC2538 is a SmartRF ZigBee system-on-chip ...

Description: This application note describes the pairing of the cost-effective SimpleLink ZigBee CC2530 wireless MCU with the SimpleLink CC2592 range extender to improve the receiver sensitivity and increase the ...

Description: In this paper we review the predominant wireless connectivity technologies in the market, discuss their key technical concepts and engineering tradeoffs and provide guidelines for selection of the ...

Description: Beginner's guide to satellite navigation systems including what systems exist today (GPS, GLONASS, Compass, Galileo, QZSS, BeiDou and IRNSS). ...

Description: This article breaks down the FCC certification process. ...

Description: For end devices and routers that do not require a host processor, the single-chip wireless SoC system partitioning approach delivers the best network performance, the lowest power consumption and the ...

Description: Recent advances in semiconductor, networking and material science technologies are driving the ubiquitous deployment of large-scale wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Together, these technologies have ...

Description: "Smart grid" is the latest trend in the energy sector as utilities look to build out an intelligent grid from the utility to the meter. In nearly all market segments today, an abundance of new data is ...

Description: The worldwide mobile handset quarterly growth rate remains in the single digits, but shipments of smartphones continue to explode; and with each successive generation, smartphones continue to off er ...

Description: With growing interest in using ZigBee for smart metering HANs in the UK and elsewhere around the world, testing propagation properties of these devices at 2.4 GHz is important to advise technology ...

Description: Wireless connectivity continues to expand quickly across all industries as wider varieties of electronic devices and appliances add wireless controls and communications. Consumers are used to the ...

Description: With the latest advances in color LED technology, the possibilities for choosing and modifying ambient lighting in the home are greater than ever before. Wireless networking further enables new ...

Description: Home Area Networks (HANs) are becoming more prevalent as new wireless home automation and energy management products for controlling entertainment, lighting, climate and security systems hit the mass ...

Description: Power Line Communication (PLC) is a technology for the transmission of signals and data over the existing low-voltage networks, The signals are fed with a high-frequency carrier together with the ...

Description: Wireless communication involves the transport of voice, video and data using Radio Frequency (RF) or Microwaves. Radio Frequency is defined as a rate of oscillation or frequency within a range of ...

Description: The ever present threats from terrorism and natural disasters have brought to the forefront a renewed focus on emergency backup communications strategies and solutions for federal, state, and ...

Description: The goal for wireless system manufacturers is to provide low-cost, robust nodes that maximize battery life while extending the range of the network as far as possible. Today's developers have a wide ...

Description: Electrometers are used to measure ultra low currents at the sub-pico amp level. Reed relays represent the only technology that can successful switch and pass these small signals without losing signal ...

Description: There are many types of modular instrumentation platforms: VXI, PXI, PACs, Labview, AXie, USB, GPIB, etc. They all offer several different plug-in boards that carry out singular and/or multiple ...

Description: Within the network analyzer's circuitry, the need to attenuate RF signals is necessary; and high frequency reed relays carry out the task with billions of reliable operations. ...

Description: Fast digital oscilloscopes have different time ranges to evaluate both slower signals as well as faster pulses. Semiconductor switches offer too much leakage and interaction between ranges, where ...

Description: Since attenuators are typically used to calibrate RF signal strength, the switching devices must be very good at handling RF so they don't end up attenuating the signal strength themselves. Recent new ...

Description: Performance boards are used in conjunction with integrated circuits to directly connect the actual test functions from the test system to the integrated circuit under test. RF reed relays are ...

Description: Because there are so many gates to be tested, test speed is essential. RF reed relays are specially designed to switch and pass fast digital pulses in a 50 ohm impedance environment while offering ...

Description: The reed relay being hermetically sealed and then encapsulated in a rugged over-molded epoxy, can reliably transmit or receive radio frequencies between 3 MHz to 30 MHz. ...

Description: RF switches must be employed having the ability to carry the wide range of frequencies without adding any distortion when monitoring worldwide communications via RF receivers. ...

Description: After the operation, but just before closure of the wound, and electronic transmitter external to the body is turned on and using a matrix of relays, scans for these items. ...

Description: The present document is part 2 of a multi-part deliverable, covering the Short Range Devices (SRD); Radio equipment to be used in the 25 MHz to 1 000 MHz frequency range with power levels ranging up ...

Description: This application note goes to great lengths to remove the mysteries of RF. The science of RF is unlike any other area of discipline in electronics. Proficient RF design requires sophisticated test ...

Description: This application note is designed to give the reader a basic understanding of the legal and technical considerations for operation of RF devices in the 260MHz to 470 MHz band within the United States. ...

Description: This application note is designed to give the reader a basic understanding of the legal and technical considerations for operation of RF devices in the 902MHz to 928MHz band within the United States. ...

Description: For operation within the United States, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) is responsible for the regulation of all RF devices. These rules are made up of numerous volumes, and unlicensed ...

Description: In radio frequency applications there are many techniques to choose from: Carrier-Present Carrier-Absent (CPCA) Gaussian Minimized Shift Keying (GMSK) Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) Phase Shift Keying ...

Description: This application note gives a brief overview of the legal issues governing the manufacture and sale of RF products intended for unlicensed operation in the United States under CFR 47 Part 15. Part 15 ...

Description: In discrete RF design, the output power of a transmitter is usually set specifically for the power output needed to meet operational and certification requirements. However, today many engineers ...

Description: This application note details the process of sending a channel number to the HP3 modules using a serial link from a microprocessor. The code for this is shown and then it is used in an example. The ...

Description: The Linx MS and HS Series of decoders have the ability to output a number that uniquely identifies the encoder that sent the transmission. This can be used to log access attempts or in any application ...

Description: The MT Series transcoder is a remote control encoder and decoder in a single package. It is designed for bi-directional remote control applications, such as Remote Keyless Entry (RKE) with ...

Description: Except for the encoder/decoder pair, Linx modules do not place any constraints on the type or format of the data being sent. This freedom allows for more versatility in the types of applications that ...

Description: The SDM-USB-QS drivers allow application software to interface with the module using calls to a DLL. The drivers take care of all of the USB protocol and timing freeing the user from the complicated ...