Open Style Cable Carriers

Last Updated: April 1, 2025

Description

Open Style Cable Carriers are designed to guide and protect cables and hoses in dynamic applications. They provide a structured pathway that prevents tangling and damage, ensuring that the cables remain organized and intact during movement.

Working Principle

Open Style Cable Carriers operate by providing a flexible yet sturdy framework that supports cables as they move. The carriers are composed of interconnected links that form a chain-like structure, allowing them to bend and flex while maintaining the integrity of the cables inside. This design is particularly useful in applications where cables need to move along with machinery, as it prevents wear and tear and extends the lifespan of the cables.

Applications

Open Style Cable Carriers are used in a variety of industrial applications. Specific examples include their use in port and terminal cranes, where they manage the cables required for crane operations. They are also employed in indoor and EOT cranes, composting systems, sewage treatment plants, machine tools, and general mechanical engineering. Additionally, they are found in materials-handling technology, construction machinery, woodworking, and robotics and handling systems .

Advantages over other Cable Carriers

One of the key advantages of Open Style Cable Carriers is their ability to open on both sides, which facilitates easy installation and maintenance of cables. They also offer smooth, cable-friendly interior surfaces that reduce abrasion and wear on the cables. The carriers are designed to be maintenance-free and are resistant to corrosion, making them suitable for a wide range of environments and applications .

Limitations

While Open Style Cable Carriers offer numerous benefits, they may have limitations in environments with extreme contamination or where complete enclosure of cables is necessary to protect against external elements. In such cases, fully enclosed cable carriers might be more appropriate.

Considerations

When selecting Open Style Cable Carriers, it is important to consider factors such as initial costs, operating expenses, and durability. These carriers are generally low maintenance and do not require lubrication, which can reduce operating expenses over time. However, the initial cost may vary depending on the size and material of the carrier. Durability is another key consideration, as these carriers are designed to withstand various environmental conditions and mechanical stresses, potentially reducing the need for frequent replacements and maintenance .

45 Results
3D Multi-Axis Nylon Cable Track -- SILVYN® Robot 900
from LAPP

bull; Patented, flexible 3D movement for multiple-axis applications. • Easy press-in cable and hose installation. • Supports a wide range of cable diameters. • Braided steel wire core provides optimal strength. • Easy-to-install mounting brackets for robot installation. •... [See More]

  • Carrier Type: Open
  • Special Motion: Spiral
  • Material: Nonmetallic; Metallic
  • Inside Width: 1.57 to 3.94
Plastic Cable And Hose Carriers -- NSB Series
from Dynatect Manufacturing, Inc.

Nylatrac ® modular carriers are constructed from separate glass-reinforced nylon sidebands with locking hubs (replaceable bearings) and multiple lockout points (for incredible strength), joined by top and bottom crossbars or lids. Modular carriers are easily customized from the widest variety of... [See More]

  • Carrier Type: Open
  • Special Motion: Rotary
  • Material: Nonmetallic
  • Outside Width: 1.37 to ?
E-Chain System® E-Z Chain Cable Carriers -- E03
from igus® inc.

Series E03 "E-Z Chain". 1. Very lightweight - ideal for low fill weight. 2. Very easy to fill - ideal for harnessed cable assemblies, without opening and closing lids. 3. Mounting bracket with integrated strain relief. 4. Small pitch for low-noise and smooth operation. 5. Patented push button... [See More]

  • Carrier Type: Open
  • Special Motion: Rotary
  • Material: Nonmetallic
  • Inside Width: 0.1969 to 0.3937
Plastic Cable And Hose Carriers -- NXL Series
from Dynatect Manufacturing, Inc.

Nylatrac ® modular carriers are constructed from separate glass-reinforced nylon sidebands with locking hubs (replaceable bearings) and multiple lockout points (for incredible strength), joined by top and bottom crossbars or lids. Modular carriers are easily customized from the widest variety of... [See More]

  • Carrier Type: Open
  • Special Motion: Rotary
  • Material: Nonmetallic
  • Mounting Height: 24 to 60
E-Chain System® E-Z Chain Cable Carriers -- E200-2
from igus® inc.

Series E200-2 - to be filled in the outer radius. 1.Large pins - long service life. 2. Limited torsion tolerance. 3. "E" Series features spit crossbar along the outer radius. 4. "Z" Series features spit crossbar along the inner radius. 5.Cable-friendly interior. 6. Integratable strain relief option. [See More]

  • Carrier Type: Open
  • Special Motion: Rotary
  • Material: Nonmetallic
  • Inside Width: 3.03 to 4.06
Plastic Cable And Hose Carriers -- TL Series
from Dynatect Manufacturing, Inc.

Nylatrac ® modular carriers are constructed from separate glass-reinforced nylon sidebands with locking hubs (replaceable bearings) and multiple lockout points (for incredible strength), joined by top and bottom crossbars or lids. Modular carriers are easily customized from the widest variety of... [See More]

  • Carrier Type: Open
  • Special Motion: Rotary
  • Material: Nonmetallic
  • Inside Width: 3.94 to 13.65
E-Chain System® E-Z Chain Cable Carriers -- E26-2
from igus® inc.

Series E26-2 - to be filled in the outer radius. 1. Limited torsion tolerance. 2. Large pins for long service life. 3. Cable-friendly interior. 4. Integrated strain relief option. 5. “E ” Series features split crossbar along the outer radius. 6. “Z ” Series features split... [See More]

  • Carrier Type: Open
  • Special Motion: Rotary
  • Material: Nonmetallic
  • Inside Width: 3.94
Plastic Cable And Hose Carriers -- TS Series
from Dynatect Manufacturing, Inc.

Nylatrac ® modular carriers are constructed from separate glass-reinforced nylon sidebands with locking hubs (replaceable bearings) and multiple lockout points (for incredible strength), joined by top and bottom crossbars or lids. Modular carriers are easily customized from the widest variety of... [See More]

  • Carrier Type: Open
  • Special Motion: Rotary
  • Material: Nonmetallic
  • Inside Width: 2.93 to 13.57
E-Chain System® E-Z Chain Cable Carriers -- E300-2
from igus® inc.

Series E300-2 - to be filled in the outer radius. 1. Limited torsion tolerance. 2. Large pins for long service life. 3. Cable-friendly interior. 4. Integrated strain relief option. 5. “E ” Series features split crossbar along the outer radius. 6. “Z ” Series features split... [See More]

  • Carrier Type: Open
  • Special Motion: Rotary
  • Material: Nonmetallic
  • Inside Width: 100
Standard Plastic Cable And Hose Carriers -- KL Series
from Dynatect Manufacturing, Inc.

Nylatrac ® standard carriers are very economical for cable and hose management in light to medium duty applications. Standard sizes are in stock for quick delivery. Features: Clean, lightweight designs. Simple "snap-together" link construction allows easy repair and adjustment of length. [See More]

  • Carrier Type: Open
  • Special Motion: Rotary
  • Material: Nonmetallic
  • Inside Width: 2 to 7
E-Chain System® E-Z Chain Cable Carriers -- E300-3
from igus® inc.

Series E300-3 - to be filled in the outer radius. 1. Limited torsion tolerance. 2. Large pins for long service life. 3. Cable-friendly interior. 4. Integrated strain relief option. 5. “E ” Series features split crossbar along the outer radius. 6. “Z ” Series features split... [See More]

  • Carrier Type: Open
  • Special Motion: Rotary
  • Material: Nonmetallic
  • Inside Width: 5.83
Standard Plastic Cable And Hose Carriers -- KN Series
from Dynatect Manufacturing, Inc.

Nylatrac ® standard carriers are very economical for cable and hose management in light to medium duty applications. Standard sizes are in stock for quick delivery. Features: Clean, lightweight designs. Simple "snap-together" link construction allows easy repair and adjustment of length. [See More]

  • Carrier Type: Open
  • Special Motion: Rotary
  • Material: Nonmetallic
  • Inside Width: 0.9700 to 1.87
E-Chain System® E2 Medium Cable Carriers -- 1480
from igus® inc.

1. Optimized opening system for quick opening of the clamp in either left or right direction. 2. Double stop dog system for long unsupported length. 3. High holding strength of clamp. 4. Series 1400 - E-Chain ® with snap open in the inner radius on both sides. 5. Series 1500 - E-Chain ® with... [See More]

  • Carrier Type: Open
  • Special Motion: Rotary
  • Material: Nonmetallic
  • Inside Width: 0.5906 to 4.92
Standard Plastic Cable And Hose Carriers -- KO Series
from Dynatect Manufacturing, Inc.

Nylatrac ® standard carriers are very economical for cable and hose management in light to medium duty applications. Standard sizes are in stock for quick delivery. Features: Clean, lightweight designs. Simple "snap-together" link construction allows easy repair and adjustment of length. [See More]

  • Carrier Type: Open
  • Special Motion: Rotary
  • Material: Nonmetallic
  • Inside Width: 0.2800 to 1.87
E-Chain System® E2 Medium Cable Carriers -- 200
from igus® inc.

Series 200 - Energy chain ®, not openable. Dirt-repellent contoured exterior. Cable-friendly, smooth interior with modular interior separation. Lateral glide surfaces for side mounted operation. Large pins for long service life. Double stop dog for long unsupported length. Tapered insertion... [See More]

  • Carrier Type: Open
  • Special Motion: Rotary
  • Material: Nonmetallic
  • Inside Width: 0.9843 to 4.92
Standard Plastic Cable And Hose Carriers -- KS Series
from Dynatect Manufacturing, Inc.

Nylatrac ® standard carriers are very economical for cable and hose management in light to medium duty applications. Standard sizes are in stock for quick delivery. Features: Clean, lightweight designs. Simple "snap-together" link construction allows easy repair and adjustment of length. [See More]

  • Carrier Type: Open
  • Special Motion: Rotary
  • Material: Nonmetallic
  • Inside Width: 1 to 4
E-Chain System® E2 Medium Cable Carriers -- 240
from igus® inc.

Series 240 - snap-open along inner radius. 1. Dirt-repellent contoured exterior. 2. Cable-friendly, smooth interior with modular interior separation. 3. Lateral glide surfaces for side mounted operation. 4. Snap-open, hinged to left or right, accessible from the top. 5. Integrated strain relief... [See More]

  • Carrier Type: Open
  • Special Motion: Rotary
  • Material: Nonmetallic
  • Inside Width: 0.9843 to 4.92
Standard Plastic Cable And Hose Carriers -- NP Series
from Dynatect Manufacturing, Inc.

Nylatrac ® standard carriers are very economical for cable and hose management in light to medium duty applications. Standard sizes are in stock for quick delivery. Features: Clean, lightweight designs. Simple "snap-together" link construction allows easy repair and adjustment of length. [See More]

  • Carrier Type: Open
  • Special Motion: Rotary
  • Material: Nonmetallic
  • Inside Width: 2 to 6
E-Chain System® E2 Medium Cable Carriers -- 2480
from igus® inc.

Series 2480 - snap-open along inner radius. 1. Double stop dog system for long unsupported length. 2. Optimized quick opening system of the clamp, alternately from left or right. 3. High retention force of clamp. 4. Lateral gliding surfaces for side-mounted operation. 5. Tested and proven, firmly... [See More]

  • Carrier Type: Open
  • Special Motion: Rotary
  • Material: Nonmetallic
  • Inside Width: 1.5 to 4.06
Standard Plastic Cable And Hose Carriers -- P/PH Series
from Dynatect Manufacturing, Inc.

Nylatrac ® standard carriers are very economical for cable and hose management in light to medium duty applications. Standard sizes are in stock for quick delivery. Features: Clean, lightweight designs. Simple "snap-together" link construction allows easy repair and adjustment of length. [See More]

  • Carrier Type: Open
  • Special Motion: Rotary
  • Material: Nonmetallic
  • Inside Width: 1.25 to 4
E-Chain System® E2 Medium Cable Carriers -- 26
from igus® inc.

Series 26 - Energy chain ®, not openable. 1. Large pins for long service life. 2. Modular interior separation. 3. Double stop dog for long unsupported length and Lateral glide surfaces for side-mounted operation 4. Space-saving ratio of inner-to-outer dimensions. 5. Integrated strain relief... [See More]

  • Carrier Type: Open
  • Special Motion: Rotary
  • Material: Nonmetallic
  • Inside Width: 1.97 to 7.87
Standard Plastic Cable And Hose Carriers -- SP Series
from Dynatect Manufacturing, Inc.

Nylatrac ® standard carriers are very economical for cable and hose management in light to medium duty applications. Standard sizes are in stock for quick delivery. Features: Clean, lightweight designs. Simple "snap-together" link construction allows easy repair and adjustment of length. [See More]

  • Carrier Type: Open
  • Special Motion: Rotary
  • Material: Nonmetallic
  • Inside Width: 0.5900 to 4
E-Chain System® E2 Medium Cable Carriers -- 2680
from igus® inc.

Series 2680 - snap-open along inner radius. 1. Easy assembly by optimized pin. 2. Lateral glide surfaces for side-mounted operation. 3. Integrated strain relief possible. 4. Fully enclosed Energy Tube snap-open on both sides along the inner radius. 5. Modular interior separation. 6. Double stop dog... [See More]

  • Carrier Type: Open
  • Special Motion: Rotary
  • Material: Nonmetallic
  • Inside Width: 1.97 to 3.94
Steel Cable And Hose Carriers -- GX Series
from Dynatect Manufacturing, Inc.

Gortrac metallic cable carriers (a.k.a. drag chains) are manufactured from plated or stainless steel. Gortrac ® offers both robust, heavy-duty link designs as well as innovative lightweight and high-strength designs. Gortrac Advantages: Excellent load-bearing and unsupported travel capability... [See More]

  • Carrier Type: Open
  • Special Motion: Rotary
  • Material: Metallic
  • Inside Width: 2.25 to 7
E-Chain System® E2 Medium Cable Carriers -- 340
from igus® inc.

Series 340 - snap-open along inner radius. 1. Lateral glide surfaces for side mounted. 2. operation. 3. Double stop dog for long unsupported length. 4. Integrated strain relief possible. 5. Dirt-repellent, contoured exterior Series 340 snap-open along the inner radius can be combined with Series 350... [See More]

  • Carrier Type: Open
  • Special Motion: Rotary
  • Material: Nonmetallic
  • Inside Width: 1.97 to 9.84
Steel Cable And Hose Carriers -- MRC Series
from Dynatect Manufacturing, Inc.

Gortrac metallic cable carriers (a.k.a. drag chains) are manufactured from plated or stainless steel. Gortrac ® offers both robust, heavy-duty link designs as well as innovative lightweight and high-strength designs. Gortrac Advantages: Excellent load-bearing and unsupported travel capability... [See More]

  • Carrier Type: Open
  • Special Motion: Rotary
  • Material: Metallic
  • Inside Height: 1.25
E-Chain System® E2 Micro Cable Carriers -- 03
from igus® inc.

Series 03 E2 'micro'. 1. igus ® ’ smallest Energy Chain ® - interior dimensions .20 ” x .20 ” (5 x 5 mm). 2. Very lightweight - low price. 3. Mounting bracket with integrated strain relief. 4. Dirt-repellant exterior. 5. Patented “push-button principle ” for... [See More]

  • Carrier Type: Open
  • Special Motion: Rotary
  • Material: Nonmetallic
  • Inside Width: 0.1969 to 0.3937
Steel Cable And Hose Carriers -- SA Series
from Dynatect Manufacturing, Inc.

Gortrac metallic cable carriers (a.k.a. drag chains) are manufactured from plated or stainless steel. Gortrac ® offers both robust, heavy-duty link designs as well as innovative lightweight and high-strength designs. Gortrac Advantages: Excellent load-bearing and unsupported travel capability... [See More]

  • Carrier Type: Open
  • Special Motion: Rotary
  • Material: Metallic
  • Inside Width: 0.9400
E-Chain System® E2 Micro Cable Carriers -- 04
from igus® inc.

Series 04 E2 'micro'. 1. Very lightweight - low price. 2. One-piece, non snap-open Energy Chain ®. 3. Small Energy Chain ® - interior dimensions. .28 ” x .28 ” (7 x 7 mm). 4. Dirt-repellant exterior. Inner widths Bi: 0.28 up to 1.18 (7 - 30 mm). Bending radii R: 0.59 up to 1.89... [See More]

  • Carrier Type: Open
  • Special Motion: Rotary
  • Material: Nonmetallic
  • Inside Width: 0.2756 to 1.18
Steel Cable And Hose Carriers -- SB/SC Series
from Dynatect Manufacturing, Inc.

Gortrac metallic cable carriers (a.k.a. drag chains) are manufactured from plated or stainless steel. Gortrac ® offers both robust, heavy-duty link designs as well as innovative lightweight and high-strength designs. Gortrac Advantages: Excellent load-bearing and unsupported travel capability... [See More]

  • Carrier Type: Open
  • Special Motion: Rotary
  • Material: Metallic
  • Inside Height: 0.7500 to 1.38
E-Chain System® E2 Micro Cable Carriers -- 045
from igus® inc.

Series 045 E2 'micro'. 1.Small pitch for very quiet operation. 2. Very lightweight - ideal for low inertia applications. 3. Dirt-repellant exterior. 4. One-piece, non snap-open Energy Chain ®. Inner widths Bi: 0.24 up to 2.52 (6 - 64 mm). Bending radii R: 0.71, 1.1, 1.5 (18, 28, 38 mm). Pitch:... [See More]

  • Carrier Type: Open
  • Special Motion: Rotary
  • Material: Nonmetallic
  • Inside Width: 0.2362 to 2.52
Steel Cable And Hose Carriers -- SRC/LRC Series
from Dynatect Manufacturing, Inc.

Gortrac metallic cable carriers (a.k.a. drag chains) are manufactured from plated or stainless steel. Gortrac ® offers both robust, heavy-duty link designs as well as innovative lightweight and high-strength designs. Gortrac Advantages: Excellent load-bearing and unsupported travel capability... [See More]

  • Carrier Type: Open; Enclosed
  • Special Motion: Rotary
  • Material: Metallic
  • Inside Height: 2.76
E-Chain System® E2 Micro Cable Carriers -- 05
from igus® inc.

Series 05 E2 'micro'. 1.Very lightweight - ideal for low inertia applications. 2. iF-Design Award. 3. One-piece, non snap-open Energy Chain ®. Inner widths Bi: 0.24 up to 2.52 (6 - 64 mm). Bending radii R: 0.71, 1.1, 1.5 (18, 28, 38 mm). Pitch: 0.79 (20 mm) per link = 16 links/ft (50/m). When to... [See More]

  • Carrier Type: Open
  • Special Motion: Rotary
  • Material: Nonmetallic
  • Inside Width: 0.2362
Steel Cable And Hose Carriers -- SX Series
from Dynatect Manufacturing, Inc.

Gortrac metallic cable carriers (a.k.a. drag chains) are manufactured from plated or stainless steel. Gortrac ® offers both robust, heavy-duty link designs as well as innovative lightweight and high-strength designs. Gortrac Advantages: Excellent load-bearing and unsupported travel capability... [See More]

  • Carrier Type: Open
  • Special Motion: Rotary
  • Material: Metallic
  • Inside Height: 2
E-Chain System® E2 Micro Cable Carriers -- 06
from igus® inc.

Series 06 E2 'micro'. 1.High torsional rigidity. 2. Very lightweight - low price. 3. Dirt repellant exterior. 4. Mounting bracket with integrated strain relief. 7. Molded in separator available. Inner widths Bi: 0.24 up to 2.52 (6 - 64 mm). Bending radii R: 0.71, 1.1, 1.5 (18, 28, 38 mm). Pitch:... [See More]

  • Carrier Type: Open
  • Special Motion: Rotary
  • Material: Nonmetallic
  • Inside Width: 0.2362
Steel Cable And Hose Carriers -- XL Series
from Dynatect Manufacturing, Inc.

Gortrac metallic cable carriers (a.k.a. drag chains) are manufactured from plated or stainless steel. Gortrac ® offers both robust, heavy-duty link designs as well as innovative lightweight and high-strength designs. Gortrac Advantages: Excellent load-bearing and unsupported travel capability... [See More]

  • Carrier Type: Open
  • Special Motion: Rotary
  • Material: Metallic
  • Inside Height: 4.17
E-Chain System® E2 Micro Cable Carriers -- 08
from igus® inc.

Series 08 E2 'micro'. 1. Small pitch for very quiet operation. 2. High torsional rigidity. 3. Mounting brackets with strain relief options. 4. One-piece, non snap-open Energy Chain ®. 5. Very lightweight - low price. 6. Dirt repellant exterior. Inner widths Bi: 0.39 up to 1.97 (10 - 50 mm). [See More]

  • Carrier Type: Open
  • Special Motion: Rotary
  • Material: Nonmetallic
  • Inside Width: 0.3937
Steel Cable And Hose Carriers -- XX Series
from Dynatect Manufacturing, Inc.

Gortrac metallic cable carriers (a.k.a. drag chains) are manufactured from plated or stainless steel. Gortrac ® offers both robust, heavy-duty link designs as well as innovative lightweight and high-strength designs. Gortrac Advantages: Excellent load-bearing and unsupported travel capability... [See More]

  • Carrier Type: Open
  • Special Motion: Rotary
  • Material: Metallic
  • Inside Height: 4.4
E-Chain System® E2 Mini Cable Carriers -- 10
from igus® inc.

Series 10 New 'E2 mini'. 1. Large pins and double stop dog for superior life and long unsupported length. 2. Mounting bracket with integrated strain relief. 3. Dirt repellant exterior. 4. Interior separation available. 5. One piece each link. 6. Molded-in separator available. Inner widths Bi: 0.59... [See More]

  • Carrier Type: Open
  • Special Motion: Rotary
  • Material: Nonmetallic
  • Inside Width: 0.7874 to 3.94
E-Chain System® E2 Mini Cable Carriers -- 10 Old
from igus® inc.

Series 10 'E2 mini'. 1. Smallest divisions for very smooth operation (11 links/ft (33/m)). Inner widths Bi: 0.59 up to 1.97 (15 - 50 mm). Bending radii R: 1.1 up to 7.09 (28 - 180 mm). Pitch: 1.2 (30.5 mm) per link = 11 links/ft (33/m). When to use Series 10. When opening is not required. If many... [See More]

  • Carrier Type: Open
  • Special Motion: Rotary
  • Material: Nonmetallic
  • Inside Width: 0.5906
E-Chain System® E2 Mini Cable Carriers -- 11-031
from igus® inc.

Series 11.031. 1. Torsion stable. 2. Mounting bracket with integrated strain relief. 3. Dirt-resistant outer contour. 4. Single part design. Available inner width Bi: 1.22 (31 mm). Available bending radii R: 1.77 and 2.76 (45 and 70 mm). Pitch: 1.2 (30.5 mm) per link = 11 links/ft (33/m). When to... [See More]

  • Carrier Type: Open
  • Special Motion: Rotary
  • Material: Nonmetallic
  • Inside Width: 1.22
E-Chain System® E2 Mini Cable Carriers -- 11.08
from igus® inc.

Series 11.080. 1. New version with thicker pins and double stop dog for long service life and long unsupported length. 2. Mounting bracket with integrated strain relief. 3. Dirt-resistant outer contour. 4. Single part design. 5. Stable version. Available inner width Bi: 3.15 (80 mm). Available... [See More]

  • Carrier Type: Open
  • Special Motion: Rotary
  • Material: Nonmetallic
  • Inside Width: 3.15
E-Chain System® E2 Mini Cable Carriers -- B15
from igus® inc.

Series B15 New - openable in the outer radius. 1. Large pins and double stop dog for superior life and long unsupported length. 2. Can be opened along the outer radius (Series B15) or along the inner radius (Series B15i), these Series can be combined. 3. Mounting bracket with integrated strain... [See More]

  • Carrier Type: Open
  • Special Motion: Rotary
  • Material: Nonmetallic
  • Inside Width: 0.5906 to 3.94
E-Chain System® E2 Mini Cable Carriers -- B17
from igus® inc.

Series B17 'E2 mini'. 1. Snap-open with film-hinge along the outer radius. 2. Small pitch for very quiet operation. 3. Mounting bracket with integrated strain relief. 4. Dirt-repellent exterior. 5. Small Energy Chain ® with large inner height. 6. Interior separation available. Inner widths Bi:... [See More]

  • Carrier Type: Open
  • Special Motion: Rotary
  • Material: Nonmetallic
  • Inside Width: 0.5906 to 3.94
E-Chain System® E3 Cable Carriers -- E3-10
from igus® inc.

Series E3-10 - System E3 E-Chains ®. 1. Very quiet running through the proven igus ® "E6 principle". 2. Ideal for high acceleration. 3. Small pitch. 4. 3-piece Design. 5. Modular structure - crossbars, interior separation and binder in one strip. 6. Easy and quick assembly as well as filling... [See More]

  • Carrier Type: Open
  • Special Motion: Rotary
  • Material: Nonmetallic
  • Inside Width: 0.7874 to 2.36