Time of Flight Optical Position Sensor Linear Position Sensors

61 Results
B5L 3D TOF Sensor Module -- B5L-A2S-U01-010
from Omron Electronic Components – Americas

Real-time 3D sensing of distance to. humans or objects. Ambient light immunity equivalent to 100,000 lx, allowing measurement even in bright places. *1. High output accuracy of ±2% (2 m) for compensated signals. *2. Long life of approx. 5 years under continuous driving thanks to OMRON ’s... [See More]

  • Sensor Technology: Time of Flight Optical Position Sensor
3D Photoelectric Sensor -- O3D300
from ifm efector inc.

Reliable volume determination for storage and conveyor technology. Non-contact dimensioning of rectangular objects such as cardboard packages or parcels. Reliable measurement of height, width and length to calculate strap length and volume. Reliable detection of size, orientation and position of the... [See More]

  • Sensor Technology: Time of Flight Optical Position Sensor; Optical Linear Encoder
  • Operating Temperature: 14 to 122
  • Measurement Range: 11.81 to 394
  • Power Requirements: DC Powered
Compact and reliable laser distance sensor -- optoNCDT ILR1040-10-IO-I
from Micro-Epsilon Group

The optoNCDT ILR104x laser distance sensors are designed for industrial distance measurements. These sensors achieve measuring ranges up to 10 meters without reflector film, 60 and 150 meters with reflector film. They feature a high protection class and resistance to ambient light. Due to their... [See More]

  • Sensor Technology: Time of Flight Optical Position Sensor
  • Repeatability: 118
  • Measurement Range: 0.0012 to 394
  • Resolution: 1
Speed and Length Sensor -- ISD-3
from RIFTEK EUROPE Sp. z.o.o.

The sensors are intended for contactless measurement of speed and length of moving surfaces and objects, for example, wires, strips, tubes, fibers, films, paper, hot steel, vehicles. The Series includes two models: ISD-3, based on Raster Spatial Filtration of an object image and ISD-5, based on... [See More]

  • Sensor Technology: Time of Flight Optical Position Sensor
  • Power Requirements: DC Powered
  • Operating Temperature: -4 to 122
  • Output: Voltage; Frequency
Safety Camera Sensors -- safeVisionary2
from SICK

Your Benefits. Solve your safety applications simply and efficiently – with the safe 3D environment perception. Use the precise 3D measurement data for automation tasks, e.g., contour-based navigation for your mobile vehicles. Benefit from the user-friendly configuration, commissioning and... [See More]

  • Sensor Technology: Time of Flight Optical Position Sensor
  • Power Requirements: DC Powered
  • Operating Temperature: 14 to 122
  • Output: Voltage; Current
ToF Ranging Sensor -- HPS-166
from Hypersen Technologies Co., Ltd.

This sensor is a Time-of-Flight ranging sensor that can measure the distance between the sensor and the targets.There are totally 13 models with the maximum measuring range of 40m. It can be used for parking lot vacancy detection,obstace avoidance for drones, autonomous mobile robots and AGV,... [See More]

  • Sensor Technology: Time of Flight Optical Position Sensor
  • Height: 1.04
  • Operating Temperature: 14 to 131
  • Length: 1.26
Z4D-C01 Microphotonic Devices (Micro-displacement Sensor) -- Z4D-C01
from Omron Electronic Components – Americas

Micro-displacement Sensor. Enable to detect ±10 μm level displacement, applicable to detect duplicated paper feeding or deflection amount. Displacement output changes by object colors are stabilized with signal divider circuit. Operating area = 6.5 ±1 mm. [See More]

  • Sensor Technology: Time of Flight Optical Position Sensor
3D Photoelectric Sensor -- O3D312
from ifm efector inc.

Reliable volume determination for storage and conveyor technology. Non-contact dimensioning of rectangular objects such as cardboard packages or parcels. Reliable measurement of height, width and length to calculate strap length and volume. Reliable detection of size, orientation and position of the... [See More]

  • Sensor Technology: Time of Flight Optical Position Sensor; Optical Linear Encoder
  • Operating Temperature: 14 to 122
  • Measurement Range: 11.81 to 315
  • Power Requirements: DC Powered
Fast laser distance sensor for outdoor applications -- optoNCDT ILR1171-125
from Micro-Epsilon Group

The optoNCDT ILR1171 is a laser-based distance sensor for non-contact and precise distance and displacement measurements from 0.2 m up to 125 m. The measuring range can be extended to 270 m with a reflector film. The sensor is designed for very large measuring ranges, with and without reflector. Due... [See More]

  • Sensor Technology: Time of Flight Optical Position Sensor
  • Repeatability: 0.9843
  • Measurement Range: 7.87 to 10630
  • Resolution: 1
Speed and Length Sensor -- ISD-5
from RIFTEK EUROPE Sp. z.o.o.

Laser Doppler Interferometry. Industrial application in metallurgy, cable production, textile fabrics. The sensors are intended for contactless measurement of speed and length of moving surfaces and objects, for example, wires, strips, tubes, fibers, films, paper, hot steel, vehicles. The Series... [See More]

  • Sensor Technology: Time of Flight Optical Position Sensor
  • Power Requirements: DC Powered
  • Operating Temperature: 59 to 122
  • Output: Voltage; Frequency
ToF Ranging Sensor -- HPS-166-L
from Hypersen Technologies Co., Ltd.

This sensor is a Time-of-Flight ranging sensor that can measure the distance between the sensor and the targets.There are totally 13 models with the maximum measuring range of 40m. It can be used for parking lot vacancy detection,obstace avoidance for drones, autonomous mobile robots and AGV,... [See More]

  • Sensor Technology: Time of Flight Optical Position Sensor
3D Photoelectric Sensor for mobile applications -- O3M251
from ifm efector inc.

Reliable 3D detection of scenes and objects. Suited for use in mobile machines. Reliable distance measurement due to time-of-flight measurement. With integrated 2D camera and overlay function. Indication of warnings and obstacles in the live view. From May 1st 2025, products produced in EU and... [See More]

  • Sensor Technology: Time of Flight Optical Position Sensor; Optical Linear Encoder
  • Power Requirements: DC Powered
  • Operating Temperature: -40 to 185
  • Electrical Connection: 1 x M12; coding: A
High-performance laser distance sensor for industrial applications -- optoNCDT ILR3800-100
from Micro-Epsilon Group

With the optoNCDT ILR3800, Micro-Epsilon presents a new powerful laser distance sensor. The sensor is designed for operation with or without reflector film, which is used depending on the distance and ambient conditions. The sensor measures large distances up to 100 m without contact and provides... [See More]

  • Sensor Technology: Time of Flight Optical Position Sensor
  • Repeatability: 11.81
  • Measurement Range: 1.97 to 5906
  • Resolution: 0.1000
ToF Ranging Sensor -- HPS-166C-L
from Hypersen Technologies Co., Ltd.

This sensor is a Time-of-Flight ranging sensor that can measure the distance between the sensor and the targets.There are totally 13 models with the maximum measuring range of 40m. It can be used for parking lot vacancy detection,obstace avoidance for drones, autonomous mobile robots and AGV,... [See More]

  • Sensor Technology: Time of Flight Optical Position Sensor
  • Height: 1.04
  • Operating Temperature: 14 to 131
  • Length: 1.26
3D Photoelectric Sensor for mobile applications -- O3M271
from ifm efector inc.

Reliable 3D detection of scenes and objects. Suited for use in mobile machines. Reliable distance measurement due to time-of-flight measurement. With integrated 2D camera and overlay function. Indication of warnings and obstacles in the live view. From May 1st 2025, products produced in EU and... [See More]

  • Sensor Technology: Time of Flight Optical Position Sensor; Optical Linear Encoder
  • Power Requirements: DC Powered
  • Operating Temperature: -40 to 185
  • Electrical Connection: 1 x M12; coding: A
ToF Ranging Sensor -- HPS-166S-L
from Hypersen Technologies Co., Ltd.

This sensor is a Time-of-Flight ranging sensor that can measure the distance between the sensor and the targets.There are totally 13 models with the maximum measuring range of 40m. It can be used for parking lot vacancy detection,obstace avoidance for drones, autonomous mobile robots and AGV,... [See More]

  • Sensor Technology: Time of Flight Optical Position Sensor
  • Interface: Serial
  • Operating Temperature: 14 to 131
  • Height: 1.04
ToF Ranging Sensor -- HPS-166U-L
from Hypersen Technologies Co., Ltd.

This sensor is a Time-of-Flight ranging sensor that can measure the distance between the sensor and the targets.There are totally 13 models with the maximum measuring range of 40m. It can be used for parking lot vacancy detection,obstace avoidance for drones, autonomous mobile robots and AGV,... [See More]

  • Sensor Technology: Time of Flight Optical Position Sensor
  • Height: 0.8465
  • Operating Temperature: 14 to 131
  • Length: 0.9449
ToF Ranging Sensor -- HPS-167
from Hypersen Technologies Co., Ltd.

This sensor is a Time-of-Flight ranging sensor that can measure the distance between the sensor and the targets.There are totally 13 models with the maximum measuring range of 40m. It can be used for parking lot vacancy detection,obstace avoidance for drones, autonomous mobile robots and AGV,... [See More]

  • Sensor Technology: Time of Flight Optical Position Sensor
  • Height: 0.8465
  • Operating Temperature: 14 to 131
  • Length: 0.9449
ToF Ranging Sensor -- HPS-167-L
from Hypersen Technologies Co., Ltd.

This sensor is a Time-of-Flight ranging sensor that can measure the distance between the sensor and the targets.There are totally 13 models with the maximum measuring range of 40m. It can be used for parking lot vacancy detection,obstace avoidance for drones, autonomous mobile robots and AGV,... [See More]

  • Sensor Technology: Time of Flight Optical Position Sensor
  • Height: 0.8465
  • Operating Temperature: 14 to 131
  • Length: 0.9449
ToF Ranging Sensor -- HPS-167C
from Hypersen Technologies Co., Ltd.

This sensor is a Time-of-Flight ranging sensor that can measure the distance between the sensor and the targets.There are totally 13 models with the maximum measuring range of 40m. It can be used for parking lot vacancy detection,obstace avoidance for drones, autonomous mobile robots and AGV,... [See More]

  • Sensor Technology: Time of Flight Optical Position Sensor
  • Height: 1.04
  • Operating Temperature: 14 to 131
  • Length: 1.26
ToF Ranging Sensor -- HPS-167C-L
from Hypersen Technologies Co., Ltd.

This sensor is a Time-of-Flight ranging sensor that can measure the distance between the sensor and the targets.There are totally 13 models with the maximum measuring range of 40m. It can be used for parking lot vacancy detection,obstace avoidance for drones, autonomous mobile robots and AGV,... [See More]

  • Sensor Technology: Time of Flight Optical Position Sensor
  • Height: 1.04
  • Operating Temperature: 14 to 131
  • Length: 1.26
ToF Ranging Sensor -- HPS-167S
from Hypersen Technologies Co., Ltd.

This sensor is a Time-of-Flight ranging sensor that can measure the distance between the sensor and the targets.There are totally 13 models with the maximum measuring range of 40m. It can be used for parking lot vacancy detection,obstace avoidance for drones, autonomous mobile robots and AGV,... [See More]

  • Sensor Technology: Time of Flight Optical Position Sensor
  • Interface: Serial
  • Operating Temperature: 14 to 131
  • Height: 1.04
ToF Ranging Sensor -- HPS-167S-L
from Hypersen Technologies Co., Ltd.

This sensor is a Time-of-Flight ranging sensor that can measure the distance between the sensor and the targets.There are totally 13 models with the maximum measuring range of 40m. It can be used for parking lot vacancy detection,obstace avoidance for drones, autonomous mobile robots and AGV,... [See More]

  • Sensor Technology: Time of Flight Optical Position Sensor
  • Interface: Serial
  • Operating Temperature: 14 to 131
  • Height: 1.04
ToF Ranging Sensor -- HPS-167U
from Hypersen Technologies Co., Ltd.

This sensor is a Time-of-Flight ranging sensor that can measure the distance between the sensor and the targets.There are totally 13 models with the maximum measuring range of 40m. It can be used for parking lot vacancy detection,obstace avoidance for drones, autonomous mobile robots and AGV,... [See More]

  • Sensor Technology: Time of Flight Optical Position Sensor
  • Height: 1.04
  • Operating Temperature: 14 to 131
  • Length: 1.26
Sensors, Transducers - Optical Sensors - Photointerrupters - Slot Type - Logic Output -- 314020030 [314020030 from Seeed Technology Co., Ltd.]
from Acme Chip Technology Co., Limited

SENSOR OPTICAL MODULE SLOT TYPE [See More]

  • Sensor Technology: Time of Flight Optical Position Sensor
  • Operating Temperature: -13 to 149
Distance sensor with time-of-flight -- FR 55-RLAP-70-2PNSI-L8
from SensoPart

Sensor with large range for anticollision and positioning applications. High flexibility thanks to adjustable analogue characteristic (QA). 4 distance positions with 2 switching outputs, adjustable via window function. Q1/Q2 switchable to Q1/Q1 as antivalent outputs. Compact design for an easy... [See More]

  • Sensor Technology: Time of Flight Optical Position Sensor
  • Repeatability: 236
  • Measurement Range: 11.81 to 2756
  • Resolution: 1
Laser Position Sensors -- Q4X Versatile, Rugged Laser Distance Sensor
from Banner Engineering Corp.

Detects distance changes as small as 1 mm. Reliable sensing range of 25 to 300 mm. Detects across a variety of target colors, materials and surfaces based on distance. Robust housing rated to IP69K with FDA-grade stainless steel. Rugged design resists mechanical impact, over tightening and extreme... [See More]

  • Sensor Technology: Time of Flight Optical Position Sensor
  • Operating Temperature: 14 to 131
  • Measurement Range: 0.9843 to 11.81
  • Output: Switched / Alarm
3D Photoelectric Sensor -- O3D300
from ifm electronic gmbh

Reliable volume determination for storage and conveyor technology. Non-contact dimensioning of rectangular objects such as cardboard packages or parcels. Reliable measurement of height, width and length to calculate strap length and volume. Reliable detection of size, orientation and position of the... [See More]

  • Sensor Technology: Time of Flight Optical Position Sensor; Optical Linear Encoder
  • Operating Temperature: 14 to 122
  • Measurement Range: 11.81 to 394
  • Power Requirements: DC Powered
Distance sensor with time-of-flight -- FR 85-2 ILLG-POL5
from SensoPart

Measurement range: 0 … 6 m. Wide detection cone. 2x2 detection zones. 1 input. 2 PNP outputs. RS485 interface. Detection zone adjustable externally. Reliable suppression of foreign objects (girders, pillars) [See More]

  • Sensor Technology: Time of Flight Optical Position Sensor
  • Operating Temperature: 32 to 122
  • Measurement Range: 0.0 to 236
  • Output: Switched / Alarm
Light Gauging Position Sensors -- L-GAGE LT3 Series
from Banner Engineering Corp.

Available in diffuse-mode models with ranges to 5 m and retroreflective models with a 50 m range. Offered in dual-discrete or analog/discrete models. Features push-button TEACH-mode programming for custom sensing windows. Offers remote programming for added security and convenience. Includes... [See More]

  • Sensor Technology: Time of Flight Optical Position Sensor
3D Photoelectric Sensor -- O3D302
from ifm electronic gmbh

Reliable volume determination for storage and conveyor technology. Non-contact dimensioning of rectangular objects such as cardboard packages or parcels. Reliable measurement of height, width and length to calculate strap length and volume. Reliable detection of size, orientation and position of the... [See More]

  • Sensor Technology: Time of Flight Optical Position Sensor; Optical Linear Encoder
  • Operating Temperature: 14 to 122
  • Measurement Range: 11.81 to 315
  • Power Requirements: DC Powered
Sensors, Transducers - Optical Sensors - Photointerrupters - Slot Type - Logic Output -- EE-SX3088-W11 [EE-SX3088-W11 from OMRON Automation and Safety]
from Acme Chip Technology Co., Limited

SENSOR OPTICAL 3.4MM MODULE SLOT [See More]

  • Sensor Technology: Time of Flight Optical Position Sensor
  • Operating Temperature: -13 to 167
Light Gauging Position Sensors -- L-GAGE LT7 Series
from Banner Engineering Corp.

Offered in retroreflective models with two discrete outputs (PNP) for extremely long ranges up to 250 m. Available in diffuse models with two discrete outputs (PNP) and one 4-20 mA output for long-range background suppression up to 10 m. Provides two alarm outputs with ongoing LCD display for easy... [See More]

  • Sensor Technology: Time of Flight Optical Position Sensor
  • Operating Temperature: 14 to 122
  • Measurement Range: 19.69 to 9843
  • Output: Current; Switched / Alarm
3D Photoelectric Sensor -- O3D310
from ifm electronic gmbh

Reliable volume determination for storage and conveyor technology. Non-contact dimensioning of rectangular objects such as cardboard packages or parcels. Reliable measurement of height, width and length to calculate strap length and volume. Reliable detection of size, orientation and position of the... [See More]

  • Sensor Technology: Time of Flight Optical Position Sensor; Optical Linear Encoder
  • Operating Temperature: 14 to 122
  • Measurement Range: 11.81 to 315
  • Power Requirements: DC Powered
Sensors, Transducers - Optical Sensors - Photointerrupters - Slot Type - Logic Output -- EE-SX3096-W11 [EE-SX3096-W11 from OMRON Automation and Safety]
from Acme Chip Technology Co., Limited

SENSOR OPTICAL 3.4MM MODULE SLOT [See More]

  • Sensor Technology: Time of Flight Optical Position Sensor
  • Operating Temperature: -13 to 167
Light Gauging Position Sensors -- LE Series Laser Measurement Sensor
from Banner Engineering Corp.

Ready to measure right out of the box. Easy adjustment with a two-line, eight-character intuitive display. Linear array provides repeatability and accuracy for challenging targets [See More]

  • Sensor Technology: Time of Flight Optical Position Sensor
  • Operating Temperature: -4 to 131
  • Measurement Range: 3.94 to 39.37
  • Output: Voltage; Current; Switched / Alarm
3D Photoelectric Sensor -- O3D352
from ifm electronic gmbh

3D sensor; image resolution 3D 176 x 132 Pixel; Angle of aperture 3D 60 x 45; (nominal value without lens distortion correction) °; DC; 24 V PNP/NPN; Connector [See More]

  • Sensor Technology: Time of Flight Optical Position Sensor; Optical Linear Encoder
  • Operating Temperature: -22 to 122
  • Measurement Range: 11.81 to 315
  • Power Requirements: DC Powered
Sensors, Transducers - Optical Sensors - Photointerrupters - Slot Type - Logic Output -- EE-SX3160-W11 [EE-SX3160-W11 from OMRON Automation and Safety]
from Acme Chip Technology Co., Limited

SENSOR OPTICAL 9.5MM MODULE SLOT [See More]

  • Sensor Technology: Time of Flight Optical Position Sensor
  • Operating Temperature: -13 to 167
3D Photoelectric Sensor for mobile applications -- O3M151
from ifm electronic gmbh

Reliable 3D detection of scenes and objects. Suited for use in mobile machines. Reliable distance measurement due to time-of-flight measurement. Compact and robust housing. Very long range up to 35 m [See More]

  • Sensor Technology: Time of Flight Optical Position Sensor; Optical Linear Encoder
  • Power Requirements: DC Powered
  • Operating Temperature: -40 to 185
  • Height: 5.63
Sensors, Transducers - Optical Sensors - Photointerrupters - Slot Type - Logic Output -- EE-SX3164-P1 [EE-SX3164-P1 from OMRON Automation and Safety]
from Acme Chip Technology Co., Limited

SENSOR OPTICAL 5MM MODULE SLOT [See More]

  • Sensor Technology: Time of Flight Optical Position Sensor
  • Operating Temperature: -4 to 185
3D Photoelectric Sensor for mobile applications -- O3M372
from ifm electronic gmbh

Reliable person and obstacle detection, optimised for off-highway applications. Integrated person and object detection, based on ifm deep learning. 2D/3D sensor fusion and plausibility check avoid false alarms. Robust functionality even in bright sunlight or twilight [See More]

  • Sensor Technology: Time of Flight Optical Position Sensor; Optical Linear Encoder
  • Power Requirements: DC Powered
  • Operating Temperature: -40 to 167
Sensors, Transducers - Optical Sensors - Photointerrupters - Slot Type - Logic Output -- EE-SX3173-P2 [EE-SX3173-P2 from OMRON Automation and Safety]
from Acme Chip Technology Co., Limited

SENSOR OPTICAL 5MM MOD SLOT TYPE [See More]

  • Sensor Technology: Time of Flight Optical Position Sensor
  • Operating Temperature: -13 to 131
Sensors, Transducers - Optical Sensors - Photointerrupters - Slot Type - Logic Output -- EE-SX4161-W11 [EE-SX4161-W11 from OMRON Automation and Safety]
from Acme Chip Technology Co., Limited

SENSOR OPTICAL 3.2MM MODULE SLOT [See More]

  • Sensor Technology: Time of Flight Optical Position Sensor
  • Operating Temperature: -13 to 167
Sensors, Transducers - Optical Sensors - Photointerrupters - Slot Type - Logic Output -- EE-SX4162-P2 [EE-SX4162-P2 from OMRON Automation and Safety]
from Acme Chip Technology Co., Limited

SENSOR OPTICAL 5MM MODULE SLOT [See More]

  • Sensor Technology: Time of Flight Optical Position Sensor
  • Operating Temperature: -4 to 185
Sensors, Transducers - Optical Sensors - Photointerrupters - Slot Type - Logic Output -- EE-SX4163-P2 [EE-SX4163-P2 from OMRON Automation and Safety]
from Acme Chip Technology Co., Limited

SENSOR OPTICAL 5MM MODULE SLOT [See More]

  • Sensor Technology: Time of Flight Optical Position Sensor
  • Operating Temperature: -4 to 185
Sensors, Transducers - Optical Sensors - Photointerrupters - Slot Type - Logic Output -- EE-SX4340 [EE-SX4340 from OMRON Automation and Safety]
from Acme Chip Technology Co., Limited

SENSOR OPTICAL 4MM MODULE SLOT [See More]

  • Sensor Technology: Time of Flight Optical Position Sensor
  • Operating Temperature: -22 to 185
Sensors, Transducers - Optical Sensors - Photointerrupters - Slot Type - Logic Output -- HOA6990-P55 [HOA6990-P55 from Honeywell Sensing & IoT]
from Acme Chip Technology Co., Limited

SENSOR OPTICAL 3.18MM MOD WIRE [See More]

  • Sensor Technology: Time of Flight Optical Position Sensor
  • Operating Temperature: -40 to 158
Sensors, Transducers - Optical Sensors - Photointerrupters - Slot Type - Logic Output -- HOA7720-M11 [HOA7720-M11 from Honeywell Sensing & IoT]
from Acme Chip Technology Co., Limited

SENSOR OPTICAL 3MM MODULE W/CONN [See More]

  • Sensor Technology: Time of Flight Optical Position Sensor
  • Operating Temperature: -40 to 158
Sensors, Transducers - Optical Sensors - Photointerrupters - Slot Type - Logic Output -- HOA7730-M11 [HOA7730-M11 from Honeywell Sensing & IoT]
from Acme Chip Technology Co., Limited

SENSOR OPTICAL 3MM MODULE SLOT [See More]

  • Sensor Technology: Time of Flight Optical Position Sensor
  • Operating Temperature: -40 to 158
Sensors, Transducers - Optical Sensors - Photointerrupters - Slot Type - Logic Output -- HOA7730-M22 [HOA7730-M22 from Honeywell Sensing & IoT]
from Acme Chip Technology Co., Limited

SENSOR OPTICAL 3MM MODULE SLOT [See More]

  • Sensor Technology: Time of Flight Optical Position Sensor
  • Operating Temperature: -40 to 158
Sensors, Transducers - Optical Sensors - Photointerrupters - Slot Type - Logic Output -- LA-305 [LA-305 from Panasonic]
from Acme Chip Technology Co., Limited

SENSOR OPTICAL MODULE WIRE LEAD [See More]

  • Sensor Technology: Time of Flight Optical Position Sensor
  • Operating Temperature: 32 to 104
Sensors, Transducers - Optical Sensors - Photointerrupters - Slot Type - Logic Output -- OPB120A [OPB120A from TT Electronics]
from Acme Chip Technology Co., Limited

SENSOR OPTICAL 2.03MM PCB MOUNT [See More]

  • Sensor Technology: Time of Flight Optical Position Sensor
  • Operating Temperature: -40 to 158
Sensors, Transducers - Optical Sensors - Photointerrupters - Slot Type - Logic Output -- OPB355L [OPB355L from TT Electronics]
from Acme Chip Technology Co., Limited

SWITCH SLOTTED OPTICAL [See More]

  • Sensor Technology: Time of Flight Optical Position Sensor
  • Operating Temperature: -40 to 185