Civil Engineering License Review, Fifteenth Edition
Including essay and multiple-choice exam problems, this review book offers a detailed discussion of the Civil Engineering/Professional Engineer Exam and how to prepare for it.
TABLE OF CONTENTS Civil Engineering License Review, Fifteenth Edition
Chapter 6: Hydraulics
Bruce E. Larock
INTRODUCTION
This chapter will selectively review hydrostatics, the fundamental principles for conservation of fluid mass (continuity), energy and linear momentum, the selection and operation of centrifugal pumps and turbines, and elements of open channel flow. The review focuses primarily on water, assumes it is incompressible, and uses standard values for its properties. (Water density and viscosity depend somewhat on temperature, and these values can be obtained from tables in reference books.) Since entire books have been written on hydraulics, one can augment this review, if desired, by use of the supplementary references following the chapter.
Hydrostatics
The pressure distribution, p, in a motionless body of water is given by
Using an ( x, y, z) coordinate system, with x and y horizontal and z vertically upward, one obtains
in which ? is the density (or mass density) of water (1.94 slugs/ft 3 or 1000 kg/m 3), g is the acceleration of gravity, and ? is the unit weight (or specific weight or weight density) for water (62.4 lb/ft 3 or 9800 N/m 3). The pressure in the horizontal ( x, y) plane is uniform, that is, constant. Integration of Eq. (6.2) between points 1 and 2 yields
Normally one can use either gage or absolute pressures in a problem so long as they are not mixed. Gage pressure registers zero at standard conditions (temperature = 273 K = O C; pressure = 1 atm...
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