Industrial Chemical Process Design
Including complex operations and formulas that are explained in an easy-to-understand format, this book provides the solutions to some of the most complex problems in chemical process design.
TABLE OF CONTENTS Industrial Chemical Process Design
Heavy Metals
Although the various phases of metallurgical operations may be considered in general terms, a true appreciation of the nature of the many problems involved can be had only by studying of specific cases. Consequently, this section discusses the metallurgy of the so-called heavy metals and related topics. The metallurgy of the light metals has already been discussed, and the metallurgy of iron is discussed in the next section.
Copper
People have been using this metal for more than 5000 years, and it presently ranks as one of the most useful heavy metals. Of approximately 2 million tons of copper produced each year, the United States provides 0.5 million tons.
Occurrence. Small amounts of "native" copper are found in the Lake Superior region and elsewhere in the United States. The principal source of this metal, however, consists of compound ores found in Montana, Utah, Arizona, and New Mexico. Of a rather wide variety of copper-bearing minerals, the most important are chalcopyrite (CuFeS 2), chalcocite (CU 2S), malachite [Cu 2(OH) 2CO 3], and bornite (Cu 5FeS 4). Most other countries produce important quantities of copper; Chile is one of the chief sources.
Metallurgy. The metallurgy of copper is notable for its simplicity. This fact and the widespread occurrence of native copper are undoubtedly responsible for the early use of this metal. Low-grade copper ores are concentrated by flotation, and the resulting concentrates (or the...
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