Industrial Chemical Process Design
Including complex operations and formulas that are explained in an easy-to-understand format, this book provides the solutions to some of the most complex problems in chemical process design.
TABLE OF CONTENTS Industrial Chemical Process Design
Some Nonmetallic Elements
You should recall from the periodic arrangement of the elements that only a relatively small number of the stable chemical elements may be considered as predominantly nonmetallic in character. This fact, however, should not lead one to assume that these elements are of only secondary importance.
This section summarizes the chemical and physical properties which are shared in some degree by all of the nonmetallic elements, and the following sections briefly delineate the chemistry of several additional nonmetallic elements-carbon, silicon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur. A later section discusses the properties of the elements of the halogen family.
Physical properties of nonmetals
Of the predominantly nonmetallic elements, seven are solids under ordinary atmospheric conditions (B, C, Si, P, S, Se, and I), only one is a liquid (Br), and the remainder are gases (H, N, O, F, Cl, He, Ne, A, Kr, and Xe). The physical properties of these elements present far more striking contrasts than do those of the metals. Thus, among the nonmetals one encounters the extremely volatile helium, which boils at ?267 C (i.e., just 5 C above absolute zero), and the nonvolatile element carbon, which melts at about 3500 C. Similarly, the densities and other physical properties of these elements differ tremendously, as is made more evident by an inspection of a table of physical properties of the elements. wood charcoal. Although these elements exhibit striking differences in physical properties, their chemical properties are usually not significantly different. If, for example, one should burn...
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