Help with Flaw Detectors specifications:
Instrument Type / Technology
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| Instrument Type: | |||
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| Condition Monitor / Fault Detector | Condition monitors and fault detectors measure and record critical parameters and find faults in electrical, mechanical, optical or other systems. For example, in an electrical system, an arching circuit breaker is a type of fault. In a mechanical system, a failed roller bearing is a type of fault. Both mechanical and electrical faults produce characteristic sounds, which fault detectors discover by using air or structure-borne acoustic detection techniques. | ||
| Flaw Detectors | Flaw detectors are instrument or systems that detect and measure flaws in materials. | ||
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| Technology: | |||
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| Acoustic Emission | Acoustic emission instruments monitor conditions and detect changes in mechanical, electrical and process systems. In electrical power distribution systems, they detect shorting or arcing. In mechanical systems, flaws also provide specific acoustic or vibrational responses. For example, if a break, deformation or other failure occurs, acoustic emission (AE) sensors can detect the burst of high frequency caused by the event. Continuous acoustic emissions are associated with dislocation movement and the resulting strain or deformation. Bursts or short pulses of acoustic emissions signals are produced by micro-yielding, twinning, and crack formation. Melting, phase transformation, thermal stresses, fiber breakage and fiber-matrix debonding in composites also result in acoustic emissions. Monitoring acoustic emissions can also access the location and severity. This NDT technique is particularly useful in determining the structural adequacy of tanks and pressure vessels. AE is also used for the detection of faults or leakage in pressure vessels, tanks, and piping systems. Welds and stress corrosion cracking can be monitored on-line with AE techniques. | ||
| Air / Structure Borne |
Air and structure-borne detection methods find faults in electrical and mechanical systems based on the detection of acoustic signals. These signals can be airborne, travel through the air or reside only within a solid structure or mechanical system. There are many applications for air or structure-borne ultrasonic detection or inspection methods.
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| IR / Nuclear | Infrared (IR), nuclear and beta gauge instruments use the absorption of radiation to measure the thickness or basis weight of webs, sheet materials or coatings. With nonmetallic materials such as paper or plastic films or webs, the amount of radiation that is reflected back or transmitted through the material is measured to determine absorption levels. An increase in mass, density or thickness will result in increased absorption. Often, the gauge is calibrated with a sample of known thickness, density or mass. The radiation source used can be IR (i.e., infrared electromagnetic), nuclear (i.e., beta particles) or other (e.g., x-ray, gamma rays) and depends upon the material and inspection conditions. | ||
| Eddy Current / Electromagnetic | Eddy current, penetrating radar and other electromagnetic techniques detect or measure flaws, bond or weld integrity, thickness, electrical conductivity and the presence of rebar or metals. Eddy current is the most widely applied electromagnetic NDT technique. This method is also useful in sorting alloys and verifying heat treatment. Eddy current testing uses an electromagnet to induce an eddy current in a conductive sample. The response of the material to the induced current is sensed. Since the probe does not have to contact the work surface, eddy current testing is useful on rough surfaces or surfaces with wet films or coatings. | ||
| Electromagnetic Acoustic Resonance | Electromagnetic acoustic resonance (EMAR) uses a non-contact electromagnetic transducer to impart a signal for resonant acoustic analysis. The non-contact, EM-induced signal produces a pure resonant response. Mechanical vibration from surrounding machinery does not influence the ultrasonic signals in the materials or parts being inspected. Localized or wide acoustic fields can be generated, depending what features need to be isolated and measured. Small surface or subsurface flaws or anomalies can also be isolated. Specifically, the entire part can be resonated for elastic stiffness and structural integrity assessments. | ||
| Magnetic | Magnetic techniques used in non-destructive testing include Hall effect and induction. | ||
| Magnetic Particle System | Magnetic particle systems use current flow or an external magnet to magnetize the part. Magnetic poles that are created at flaws, cracks and other discontinuities attract magnetic particles made of fine iron oxide (0.125 to 60 microns). These particles have a high permeability (i.e., easily magnetized) and low retentivity (i.e., ability to stay magnetized). Three methods are typically applied: dry nonfluorescent, wet nonfluorescent and wet fluorescent. | ||
| Optical / Laser | Optical-based NDT instruments use techniques such as laser shearography, magneto-optical methods and holographic interferometry to detect flaws and residual stress, or to measure thickness. | ||
| Penetrant Testing System | Penetrant testing systems apply a penetrant to the part via spray or immersion. The penetrant is pulled into surface flaws by capillary action. Next, a cleaner removes residual penetrant from the surface of the part so that only the liquid penetrant remains in the surface flaws or cracks that are present. Penetrant systems are available with varying sensitivity levels, depending on the material and flaw type being inspected. For example, red dye penetrants are visible under normal light. Fluorescent penetrants or penetrant systems may require ultraviolet (UV) or backlight illumination. Developers or fluorescent powders may be required to enhance visibility of the residual or crack-entrapped penetrant. | ||
| Radiographic / X-ray | Radiographic or x-ray equipment uses penetrating x-rays or gamma rays to capture images of the internal structure of a part or finished product. The density and composition of the internal features will alter their intensity or density in the x-ray image. Densitometers are used to quantify the density variations in the x-ray image. Penetrameters or other x-ray opaque gage references are located with the part during imaging for sizing of internal cracks, pores, defects or other features. | ||
| Ultrasonic | Ultrasonic (UT) inspection techniques detect surface and subsurface flaws, or to measure thickness. Beams of high-frequency acoustic energy are introduced into the material and subsequently retrieved. Distance calculations are based on the speed of sound through the material under evaluation. The most widely used of all UT techniques is the pulse-echo technique. Flaws are detected and sizes estimated by comparing the amplitude of a reflected echo from an interface (e.g., flaw or back surface) with that of a reference interface of known size. | ||
| Other | Other nondestructive techniques or technologies not listed. | ||
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| Form Factor: | |||
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| Bench / Rack / Cabinet | Devices sit atop a bench or desktop, or are mounted in a rack or cabinet. | ||
| Crawler | NDT crawlers and scanners are inspection tools that automatically travel down pipelines or up tank walls while scanning nondestructive probes. Also, a device that moves a probe across a surface to map flaws or thickness variations such as a tank bottom scanner. Scanners, crawlers or trackers are used in regions too small, long or dangerous for an operator to access or navigate manually. | ||
| Portable / Hand Held / Mobile | Devices are portable, handheld or mobile. | ||
| Monitoring System | Devices are monitors or monitoring systems used to continuously detect or measure flaws, thickness or corrosion. | ||
| Other | Other unlisted or proprietary form factors. | ||
| Search Logic: | All products with ANY of the selected attributes will be returned as matches. Leaving all boxes unchecked will not limit the search criteria for this question; products with all attribute options will be returned as matches. | ||
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Flaw Detectors Specifications
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| Flaw Detection / Inspection Area: | |||
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| Aircraft / Military Inspection | Aircraft or military-quality inspection instruments are suitable for inspecting aircraft, rocket motor casings, torpedo housings, weapons, military vehicles and other components for critical military, aerospace or naval applications. | ||
| Coating Flaw / Holiday | Coating flaw or holiday detectors find coating flaws such as pin-point discontinuities, openings (holidays), thin spots, bubbles, blisters, inclusions, streaks, waviness and chicken tracks. | ||
| Debonding / Bond Integrity | Debonding and bond integrity instruments detect delamination, bond failures, incomplete bonding, bond porosity or gaps and inclusions or contamination in the bond interface. | ||
| General Corrosion Detection | General corrosion detection instruments detect internal or external corrosion caused by chemical attack or oxidation due to high-temperature gases. | ||
| Inclusions | Inclusion detection instruments find inclusions, undesirable secondary phases or contaminant particles (e.g., oxides) in metal alloys. | ||
| Machining / Grinding Damage | Instruments detect damage from machining or grinding. Machining damage can occur in metallurgical or mechanical forms. Grinding burn, decarburization, surface softening and the formation of surface martensite are other metallurgical or material condition changes that can occur. Seams, laps or pits may be caused by either mechanical or chemical machining damage. | ||
| Metal Detection / Rebar Absence | Metal detection or rebar absence instruments can detect metal chips in pharmaceutical powders, or metal rebar in concrete bridges or buildings. | ||
| Manufacturing - Metals / Web | NDT instruments for metals and webs are used in industrial environments to monitor thickness, defects or material properties during the continuous processing of primary metals or webs. Webs include plastic films, paper or paperboard, woven fabrics, metal foil or strip, nonwovens and other continuous sheet products. | ||
| Packaging Defects / Leaks | Packaging defect and leak detection instruments are suitable for detecting holes, leaks, cracks, defective seals, channel leaks, contaminated materials, missing product or closures. | ||
| Pore / Void | Pore or void detection instruments can detect empty pockets or cavities within a material. | ||
| Pressure Vessel Flaws / Cracks | Instruments detect surface or sub-surface cracks, inclusions or pores in boilers, digesters, reactors and other pressure vessels. Because most pressure vessels are made of steel, NDT techniques for ferrous alloys are typically used. In large-scale industrial units, the NDT instruments or probes are often used in combination with a scanner. Pressure vessel failure can result in loss of life, operating losses due to downtime, and a considerable capital expense to replace the unit. Therefore, pressure vessel flaws and cracks are monitored as part of a predictive maintenance (PM) program. | ||
| Rail Inspection | Rail inspection instruments inspect railroad tracks or railroad car components | ||
| Subsurface Crack Detection | Subsurface crack detection instruments are designed to detect cracks below a materials surface. Ultrasonic, eddy current/electromagnetic, radiographic, acoustic emission and magnetic technologies are often used in subsurface crack detection. | ||
| Surface Cracks / Abrasion | Surface cracks, flaws and abrasions are detected with magnetic particle inspection, penetrant testing and visual inspection techniques. | ||
| Tube / Pipeline Defects | NDT instruments for tubes and pipelines detect surface or sub-surface cracks, inclusions, or pores in tubing, piping or pipelines. Because pipelines are usually made of steel, NDT techniques suitable for ferrous alloys are typically used. Since a conduit's length and internal diameter (ID) can cause difficulties in terms of operator access, these instruments or probes are often used with a scanner that can travel internally or externally down the pipeline. Pipeline cracks or flaws can result in loss in life, operating losses due to downtime and a considerable capital expense to replace the damaged section. Therefore, pipeline cracks and other flaws are regularly monitored as part of a predictive maintenance (PM) program. When a detected flaw or an imminent flaw exceeds safety limits, the pipe or tube can be repaired or replaced for continued safe operation. Special automatic, in-line inspection systems are also used to examine pipes or tubes during production. | ||
| Weld / Joint Inspection | Weld and joint inspection instruments detect incomplete fusion, cracking, inclusions or porosity. | ||
| Wire Rope / Cable Tester | Wire rope or cable testing instruments detect surface and subsurface cracks, construction defects, flaws, internal warping, internal corrosion or inclusions in cable or wire rope. Because wire rope and cables are usually made of steel, NDT techniques suitable for ferrous alloys are typically used. Cable and wire ropes are used in aircraft and bridges, for seismic building support, and as tower guy wiring where failure can result in loss of life, operating loss due to downtime, and considerable capital expense to replace a damaged structure. Therefore, cracks or other flaws are regularly monitored as part of a predictive maintenance (PM) program. When a detected flaw or an imminent flaw exceeds safety limits, repairs or replacements are made so that the structure can continue to operate safely. Special automatic, in-line inspection systems are also used for inspecting wire rope and cable during their production. | ||
| Other | Other unlisted or unspecified methods of flaw detection. | ||
| Search Logic: | All products with ANY of the selected attributes will be returned as matches. Leaving all boxes unchecked will not limit the search criteria for this question; products with all attribute options will be returned as matches. | ||
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Other Specifications / Features
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| Digital Imaging / Tomography System | Digital imaging and tomography systems create 3D images of patients or products by capturing 2D cross-sectional images and applying mathematical or computed reconstruction techniques. | ||
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| Programmable / Digital Control Unit? | The unit is controlled by computer programs, or by other digital methods. | ||
| Search Logic: | "Required" and "Must Not Have" criteria limit returned matches as specified. Products with optional attributes will be returned for either choice. | ||
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| Pulsed Unit? | The system functions by producing short-range pulses of x-rays. | ||
| Search Logic: | "Required" and "Must Not Have" criteria limit returned matches as specified. Products with optional attributes will be returned for either choice. | ||
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| Rotating Probe Drive? | Rotating probe drives have a drive system that rotates the probe to radially scan the inner diameter of a pipe, tube, cylinder, liner, or other internal surface for flaws. | ||
| Search Logic: | "Required" and "Must Not Have" criteria limit returned matches as specified. Products with optional attributes will be returned for either choice. | ||
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| Uses Magnetic Sensors? | The instrument is capable of using magnetic induction probes in addition to eddy current probes. | ||
| Search Logic: | "Required" and "Must Not Have" criteria limit returned matches as specified. Products with optional attributes will be returned for either choice. | ||
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