Sensors, Transducers and Detectors Reference Materials
Technical Articles
Reference Articles 2001 - 2100 of 3072
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Back to the Basics: Flammable Hazards
Description: The next topic in our "back to the basics" series is flammable hazards. It's important to understand what causes a fire or explosion to occur in a process before you can even think about preventing ...
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Back to the Basics: LFL
Description: For each flammable substance there is a level of concentration in air, usually expressed as a percent by volume, that is known as its Lower Flammable Limit, LFL, or Lower Explosive Limit, LEL. Below ...
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Back to the Basics: Limits to Solvent Vapor Concentration
Description: The authorities have determined that certain industrial processes can proceed at solvent vapor concentrations up to, but not exceeding, some percentage of the Lower Flammable Limit. The solvent ...
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Back to the Basics: Temperature Effects on LFL
Description: Most published LFL values are calculated at room temperature. But as a given mixture is heated, its flammability increases and thus the concentration required to achieve 100% of its LFL is less. This ...
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Back to the Basics: The Role Of The Analyzer
Description: Many businesses make resolutions, but when they don't work, it's often because the goals are impossible to achieve, the fixes that are needed can't happen in a short time, or there are simply too ...
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Back to the Basics: Variation in Published LFL Values
Description: Almost all LFL data is rounded off to the nearest tenth of a percent by volume. A significant proportion of substances have LFL values with a standard deviation from the average of 0.1% by volume or ...
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3-D Magnetic Field Mapping for Reed Sensors
Description: This presentation introduces the concept of magnetic mapping and how it helps the reed sensor design. ...
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Activation Distances
Description: A table of activate distances, resulting from position and movement of the actuator magnet. ...
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Automotive Liquid Level Sensing
Description: Level sensing product training module. ...
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Effects of Encapsulation Gas on Thermopile Detectors
Description: The selection of encapsulating gas in a thermopile detector package affects four important performance parameters: the output voltage, responsivity, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and time constant. ...
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Liquid Level Sensors Overview
Description: This presentation explores the different types of level sensors and their applications. ...
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Reed Sensor Vs Hall Effect And Electromechanical
Description: This presentation explores the different technologies to find the right one for a given sensor application. ...
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Reed Sensors vs. Hall Effect Sensors
Description: Since their introduction several years ago, the Hall effect sensor has captured the imagination of design engineers. Generally, it was thought that if it's in solid state that it's a more reliable ...
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Smart Automotive Market Applications & Transportation Industry
Description: An overview of automotive sensors. ...
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A Standard for Users and Manufacturers of Thermal Dispersion Mass Flow Meters
From: Sierra Instruments, Inc.Description: Thermal dispersion mass flowmeters comprise a family of instruments for the measurement of the total mass flow rate of a fluid, primarily gases, flowing through closed conduits. ...
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Advances in Thermal Dispersion Mass Flow Meters - Part 1: Principle of Operation
From: Sierra Instruments, Inc.Description: This paper describes an advanced microprocessor-based thermal dispersion mass flow meter that uses four temperature sensing elements in its flow sensor instead of the traditional two elements and has ...
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Advances in Thermal Dispersion Mass Flow Meters - Part 2: Installation and Flow Calibration
From: Sierra Instruments, Inc.Description: Part 1 of this two-part series describes the principle of operation of a new microprocessor-based thermal dispersion mass flow meter that uses four temperature sensing elements in its flow sensor and ...
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Flare Gas Mass Flow Metering - Innovations Promise More Economical Choices
From: Sierra Instruments, Inc.Description: As the drive towards energy independence in the United States continues at full speed, oil and gas companies are turning to hydraulic fracturing to increase production. Increasingly stringent state ...
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New Developments in Thermal Dispersion Mass Flow Meters
From: Sierra Instruments, Inc.Description: This paper describes a newly developed microprocessor-based thermal dispersion mass flow meter that uses four temperature sensing elements in its flow sensor instead of the traditional two elements ...
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New Developments in Thermal Dispersion Mass Flow Meters: In-the-Field Compensation for Changes in Natural Gas Composition
From: Sierra Instruments, Inc.Description: The flow of natural gas in pipelines is often complicated by changes in the composition of the gas. The method described in this paper solves the problem of variable composition via a new ...
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Precise Biogas Flow Measurement: Overcoming the Challenges of Changing Gas Composition
From: Sierra Instruments, Inc.Description: As oil prices remain high, we are in the midst of a nation-wide initiative to seek renewable sources of energy to increase energy efficiency and energy security. Renewable energy accounted for 13.2% ...
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Sub-Metering of Natural Gas - Flexible Measurement Delivers Improved Accuracy and Substantial Savings
From: Sierra Instruments, Inc.Description: Unlike oil, natural gas exists in abundance in the United States. Of the natural gas consumed in the United States in 2011, 95% was produced domestically. The U.S. Energy Information Administration ...
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SME Capabilities & Solutions - Automotive Transportation Electronics
Description: Standex-Meder reed switches, reed sensors, reed relays, and magnetics are present in millions of operations daily within the transportation industry. With the growth in the number of on-board systems, ...
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SME Capabilities & Solutions - Smart World Magnetically-Based Sensors (GMR, Reed, Hall)
Description: The ability to monitor the status of almost anything in real time using new remotely addressable systems is exploding the need for sensors. These sensors can detect and monitor key variables in a ...
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SME Capabilities & Solutions - Why SME Fluid Level Sensors
Description: In the past, fluid level sensors provided a simple on/off signal, but now sensors are being called upon to supply a great deal more information. The trend towards increased control circuits begin ...
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Application: Coffee Maker Components - Liquid Level Sensor
Description: Very often it is the smallest things in life which have the greatest impact. We take for granted that our routines will go smoothly. For instance, you wake up in the morning; pour water in your coffee ...
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Application: Condensate Flood Sensors FPS100 - Liquid Level Sensor
Description: Standex-Meder's team had a tremendous challenge. A competitor had a first mover advantage within the industry by providing a patented design for condensate flood sensors. ...
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Application: Detect End Limit Position in Piston & Hydraulic Systems - Reed Sensor
Description: Finally there is a reliable way to precisely detect the end limit positions of pistons and cylinders, particularly when that detection is critical to the operation and/or can result in a disaster if ...
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Application: Extreme Temperature Multi-Point - Liquid Level Sensor
Description: There are several laboratory fluid systems that required fluid level monitoring to help control very elaborate equipment processes. This new float sensor has four sensing positions, three of which are ...
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Application: Flood Prevention Switch R12580, R12581 - Liquid Level Sensor
Description: Our customer was developing a new generation dishwasher that required updated technology to function effectively. This appliance demanded a flood prevention switch design that supported their goal to ...
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Application: Heating Systems in Hot Tubs & Spas - Reed Sensor
Description: The volume of hot tubs or spas are being used more and more around the world for medicinal reasons and for shear joy. An essential part of a hot tub is its heating system. There are very high wattage ...
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Application: Ignition & Lights Detection - Reed Sensor
Description: How often has one forgot and left the keys in the ignition and/or left the main head lights on, only to later return to the car and find the battery dead or the vehicle not even there. The Reed ...
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Application: LED Applications - Reed Sensor
Description: Automakers are increasingly adopting LEDs as a preferred solution for internal indicator lights, running lights, tail lights, and other applications in which incandescent bulbs were previously used. ...
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Application: Measuring Water Flow Volume to Detect Filter Replacement - Flow Level Sensor
Description: There are a multitude of applications that require the measurement of the volume of water. Water filters must measure the amount of water passing through them in order to know when to change the ...
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Application: Measuring Water Flow, Gas & Electricity - Flow Level Sensor
Description: Most households and businesses have meters reading and recording the volume of water used, the volume of gas used and/or the amount of electricity being used. Most of these meters used reed sensors to ...
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Application: Mobility Equipment & Hospital Beds - Reed Sensor
Description: There are a large number of applications requiring the detection of end limit position, where electric shock can be a real concern. Hospital beds, for example, need end position limits when adjusting ...
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Application: Networked Freight Wagons
Description: To turn freight trains into connected modes of transport, they are equipped with sensors that collect data on their current position and the condition of wagons and their cargo, including parameters ...
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Application: Reed Switch-Based & Conductive Technologies - Liquid Level Sensor
Description: A top automobile manufacturer faced an issue of not meeting emissions standards due to needing to separate a pipe and hose assembly during maintenance. The hose and pipe needed to be attached to meet ...
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Application: Sensor FSC5001U - Liquid Level Sensor
Description: A Standex-Meder customer had a challenge. They were spending much time, energy, and money on modifying a part they were purchasing. They sought a solution to alleviate all these symptoms in an ...
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Application: SME Fluid Level, Pressure, and Flow Sensors
Description: The desire for more information and convenience, along with worldwide water and energy conservation initiatives, has led to a flurry of new fluid level magnetic and conductive sensor designs. ...
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Application: Surveyors Measure Linear Distance - Reed Sensor
Description: For many years surveyors' essential piece of equipment was and still is their measuring distance device. Most plots of land are precisely broken up into parcels of land in a very accurate manner, ...
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Application: Telecomm Animal Tracking Devices - Reed Sensor
Description: Many animal species are on the decline for a multitude of potential reasons. Tracking the animals is the best way to study their habits in their natural habitats. This approach has yielded the best ...
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Application: Vehicle Power Door Locks - Reed Sensor
Description: Power door locks are now designed into 75% of all new cars, and 100% on all full feature models. The power door locks can be opened wirelessly or by placing in a code that is compared electronically ...
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Exhaust Fumes Emissions - Reed Sensor
Description: Trying to find a sensor that will function on the underbelly of an automobile where ice, snow, oil, dirt, grime, very high temperatures and very low temperatures may exist at any given time represents ...
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Temperature Compensation of a DC Radiometer
Description: The thin film thermopile detector like its forefather, the wire thermocouple, requires either a reference junction temperature measurement or a constant temperature sink for its reference junction. ...
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Why is 3A Sanitary Temperature Measurement Important?
Description: The following systems are dependent upon accurate temperature measurement. ...
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A Simple DC Radiometer
Description: One of many applications of the thermopile detector is the remote measurement of temperature. In this Application brief we explain the basic principles of remote temperature measurement. Every object ...
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Emissivity Correction for a Radiometer
Description: The radiant power received by a radiometer is not only a function of the measured target temperature, but also the optical properties of its surface. These properties include absorptance a, ...
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Hydrostatic Water Level - Measurement & Control
From: PMC Engineering LLCDescription: The hydrostatic level transmitter is a small but vital component for water well monitoring and control. ...
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How to Read a Psychrometric Chart - ROTRONIC
Description: One may ask, why should we bother to learn how to read a psychrometric chart? After all, we have myriad online calculators, tables, smart phone apps, etc. Most of our instruments perform the ...
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Humidity Definitions - The 7 Essential Parameters - ROTRONIC
Description: This easy-to-read 3 page technical note defines 7 essential humidity parameters that should be fully understood by anyone who measures humidity in a controlled environment. The first step in making a ...
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ROTRONIC - Choosing Sensors and Parameters for Mapping
Description: The parameters you choose to map will depend upon your particular situation. Typical parameters for mapping are temperature, humidity, pressure, light and vibration. You must first determine the ...
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The Capacitive Humidity Sensor - How it Works & Attributes of the Uncertainty Budget
Description: The humidity sensor is a small capacitor consisting of a hygroscopic dielectric material placed between a pair of electrodes. Most capacitive sensors use a plastic or polymer as the dielectric ...
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Absolut Zero Invasion -- Noninvasive temperature measurement keeps things tight
Description: The majority of measurements made in the process industry are of temperature and pressure. Around half of the temperature measurements are used for monitoring purposes to secure product quality, ...
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SPI bus communication with LDE/LME pressure sensors
From: First Sensor AGDescription: This Application Note discusses methods and special considerations related to the Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) protocol used to communicate digitally with LDE and LME series pressure sensors. ...
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Clever ice warning systems of the MeteoGroup
From: LufftUSADescription: Joerg Riemann, who is meteorologist at the MeteoGroup, Europe's largest private weather service, is in charge of the winter road maintenance customers. In the following he explains how the winter ...
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Lufft technology on special wind turbine of University in Regensburg
From: LufftUSADescription: My bachelor project consisted of the development of an independent, mobile small wind turbine that can be used flexibly in different locations. In the final version of the new technology a WS200-UMB ...
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New snow plough shall reduce road salt consumption trememdously
From: LufftUSADescription: In order to reduce salt consumption, Norway's road authorities set new standards for the road clearance two years ago. This meant that now there are five instead of three road classifications. In ...
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Professional weather data for radio amateurs
From: LufftUSADescription: From the afternoon singles chart on the radio, television broadcasts, mobile phones, to the electronic doorbell - we are invisibly surrounded by the wireless networks and this is exactly what our ...
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In a Complicated Process, Safety is a Simple Solution
Description: According to the National Coil Coating Association "it is a continuous, automated process for coating metal before fabrication into end products. The steel or aluminum substrate is delivered in coil ...
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EPA and CARB Crack Down on Clean Air Violation by Volkswagen
From: Environics, Inc.Description: The US EPA announced on Monday that a notice of violation, or NOV, of the Clean Air Act was issued to Volkswagen. The EPA states that the model years 2009-2015 Volkswagen and Audi vehicles (4-cylinder ...
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Hypoxia in the News - Possible Cause of Small Aircraft Crash
From: Environics, Inc.Description: Hypoxia was in the news recently after a small aircraft went down near Jamaica. After initialing radioing for permission to descend from 25,000 to 20,000 feet due to an indication of an issue, all ...
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Did you know how many different kinds of sensors go inside a smartphone?
Description: Today's smartphones are incredible little machines - ones that would have been regarded as witchcraft several decades ago. But we've grown so used to our iPhones and Android handsets that take them ...
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Introduction to TMR Magnetic Sensors
Description: Magnetic transducers are widely used in modern industry and electronics to sense the magnetic field strength to measure current, position, motion, direction, and other physical parameters. ...
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Magnetic Sensor Data Acquisition Technology
Description: The development of electronic computing technology, especially the rapid development of embedded systems and applications, is causing digital circuit technology to be the foundation of measurement ...
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MR Effect Physical Explanation
Description: Magnetoresistance of the magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) also known as tunneling magnetoresistance (TMR) is a result of the spin-dependent tunneling effect. ...
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TMR Magnetic Sensor Technology Development History
Description: In 1975, Julliere observed the TMR effect in the Magnetic Tunnel Junction (MTJ) sandwich structure (Co / Ge / Fe). The MTJ basic structure is (ferromagnetic / nonmagnetic insulating layer / ...
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Ten Fluid Measurement Plant Imperatives That Increase Process Efficiency and Reduce Costs
Description: Accurately measuring the flow and level of the various liquids and gases that travel through a process industry plant is a critical function for effective and efficient plant operations. ...
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Conductivity Measurement: A Hidden Key to Dairy Industry Success
Description: As the dairy industry moves to continue to grow and thrive, while remaining globally competitive, one of its biggest challenges will be how well the industry can maintain best practice processes that ...
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Improved Conductivity Analysis in Desalination Process
Description: Conductivity measurements are widely used in a variety of industries and applications, including leak detection, clean-in-place, water treatment, interface detection, and notably, in desalination. As ...
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Fast Help Through Portable Weather Stations from FTS
From: LufftUSADescription: With a network of over 2,200 fixed fire weather stations throughout North America, FTS has been providing data through reliable telemetry for over 20 years. The data is used to predict, prevent, and ...
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Weather station with panoramic view
From: LufftUSADescription: When we met for the first location inspection of a planned new weather station in December last year, the sun hasn't risen yet and I wasn't aware of what was lying ahead. We had already discussed, ...
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Calculating Flow Rate from Pressure Measurements
From: All Sensors Corp.Description: Fluid flow occurs with the motion of liquid and gaseous materials and pressure sensors play a critical role in determining many aspects of fluid flow. Fluid dynamics provides the means of ...
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Level Switch Detects Oil and Nitrogen Interface to Support Effective PIG System Operation
Description: A major oil producer in Alaska's North Slope region operates miles of transit pipeline as part of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System (TAPS) within the U.S. National Petroleum Reserve - Alaska. The TAPS ...
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Evidence of Intracrystalline Mesostructured Porosity in Zeolites by Advanced Gas Sorption, Electron Tomography and Rotation Electron Diffraction
From: Quantachrome InstrumentsDescription: A ground breaking collaborative research study by Quantachrome Instruments, Rive Technology, Stockholm University, and University of Alicante (Spain) uniquely demonstrated the power of combining 3 ...
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Measuring the Smallest Resolution of a Positioning Stage
Description: The noise measured by the external metrology (laser) contains the sum of all mechanical and electrical sources - the amplifier noise, the servo noise, the sensor noise, the vibrational noise from ...
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Oil, as and water flow rate in real-time - measurement becomes multiphase
Description: The VIS multiphase flowmeter measures real-time flow rates of oil, gas and water in the most difficult multiphase environments that are typical of the oil and gas upstream sector - Measurement made ...
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Qualmark's Expertise Supports and Benefits Defense Applications
Description: Defense contractors like Raytheon, Lockheed Martin, BAE Systems, Honeywell, and L3, and their suppliers have found Qualmark's technology to be an essential and cost-effective addition to their ...
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Specifying Nonlinearity and Hysteresis of Rotating Torquemeters
From: S. Himmelstein & CompanyDescription: Nonlinearity and Hysteresis definitions were developed to characterize performance of common sensors such as scales and load cells. Those definitions have been widely used to characterize ...
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Automotive Market Trends and Their Impact on TECAT
Description: Several market trends will have positive and in some cases, challenging, effects on TECAT's Test and Measurement business in the Automotive market. ...
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Noise Curves
From: NTi Audio AGDescription: Noise curves specify the acoustic ambient noise in an indoor environment. The unoccupied room is measured to produce a single maximum value across the complete sound spectrum. This value is used to ...
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Flow Meter Enhances Chlorination System Performance for Municipal Water Department
Description: The water municipality at a mid-size city in the Western region of the U.S. serving a population of about 180,000 people needed to address a chlorine disinfection system problem at one of its water ...
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Optimizing Gas Storage Fields Operation through High Accuracy Multiphase Flow Metering
Description: Natural gas consumption is far from being constant over the months. Typically Natural Gas (NG) is stored in summer periods, when there is lower demand for it, and is withdrawn in the winter periods, ...
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Optimizing Performance with GaN-Ready Magnetics
From: Precision IncorporatedDescription: Think of it as a tax or a toll. It's the power that is lost every time electricity is converted from one form to another, and it can really add up. The conversions themselves cannot be avoided, but ...
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Precise Air Flow Measurement Improves Efficiency of Mining Froth Flotation Cells
Description: A major international mining operator extracting precious metals wanted to optimize its froth flotation cell's performance at one of its mines. The flotation cell was experiencing production ...
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Refinery Turns to Thermal Mass Flow Meter for Safety-Critical Nitrogen Tank Blanketing
Description: An independent Midwest refiner recently approved a project to improve the safety of its plant and reduce its costs for nitrogen gas used for tank blanketing. The company operates refineries in ...
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How it Works - 4 to 20mA LVDT
From: RDP ElectrosenseDescription: How it Works - 4 to 20mA LVDT ...
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How it Works - Dc LVDT
From: RDP ElectrosenseDescription: How it Works - Dc LVDT ...
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How it Works - Magnetostrictive
From: RDP ElectrosenseDescription: How it Works - Magnetostrictive ...
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How it Works - Strain Gauge Load Cell
From: RDP ElectrosenseDescription: How it Works - Strain Gauge Load Cell ...
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How it Works - Strain Gauge Pressure Transducer
From: RDP ElectrosenseDescription: How it Works - Strain Gauge Pressure Transducer ...
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Flammability Analyzers Versus Flame Ionization Detectors for Process Applications
Description: Why have so many fires and explosions occurred in industrial processes that were believed to have adequate protection against such hazards? ...
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The Unfair Advantage
Description: Kalitta Mototrsports used TECAT's WISER system to improve vehicle setup prior to races. ...
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Fine Dust - one of the biggest problems of modern cities
From: LufftUSADescription: Despite great efforts by governments worldwide, particulate pollution in the cities is growing. ...
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Color Sensing Improves Look and Feel of Smart Products
Description: The development of the market for tablets and smartphones has shown the power of novel, attractive industrial design to build strong market positions for OEMs. As the attention widens out to wearable ...
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Selecting the Proper Pressure Control Valve
From: KNF Neuberger, Inc.Description: Before deciding on the appropriate diaphragm pressure control valve for your application, it is important to first understand some of the basic uses of these devices. Gaining a better understanding of ...
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Remote Temperature Monitoring White Paper
From: Anaren, Inc.Description: A white paper analyzing the use of a temperature monitoring system for industries relying on temperature-sensitive equipment, the benefits of these systems, and the best solution to meet a ...
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Lufft VENTUS Ultrasonic Wind Sensor Proven for Offshore Operation
From: LufftUSADescription: The Lufft Ultrasonic Anemometer VENTUS-UMB successfully completed the test at the International Technical Inspection Agency TUEV SUED and now has the Protection Class IP68. This confirms officially ...
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Netherlands Cloud Height measured by Sensors from Lufft
From: LufftUSADescription: In the near future, the cloud height in the Netherlands will be measured by sensors from the German company Lufft from Fellbach (near Stuttgart). ...
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ATEX/IECEX Certified Electronics Manufacturer
From: Smith Systems, Inc.Description: ATEX/IECEx refers to European Directive 94/9/EC, which covers equipment and protective systems for use in areas endangered by potentially explosive atmospheres created by the presence of flammable ...