Sensors, Transducers and Detectors Reference Materials
Reference Articles 101 - 200 of 3116
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Article: Choosing the Right Torque Sensor: A guide for optimal performance
Description: Step-by-step guide to choosing the right torque sensor, balancing accuracy, performance, and cost for R&D, production, and end-of-line testing. Selecting the right torque sensor is a critical step ...
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Advanced Moisture Analysis In Timber, Agricultural and Plastics Industries with the PCE-UX 3018
Description: The exact determination of water content represents one of the most important pillars of quality assurance in numerous industrial sectors. Especially in the timber, agricultural, and plastics ...
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The Importance of a Correct Thermal Imaging Setup in Fired Heaters
From: LANDDescription: Accurate temperature measurement inside a furnace is never just about pointing an instrument and taking a reading. In real operating environments, surfaces change, backgrounds vary and conditions are ...
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Advantage of Digital Displacement Sensor v LVDT Displacement Sensor
Description: Solartron Metrology has a wide range of digital linear displacement and digital gauging transducers that can be easily integrated with the Orbit Digital Measurement Network and Solartron Gauging ...
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How to Troubleshoot Flowmeter Errors and Inaccurate Readings
Description: When a flowmeter produces inconsistent or inaccurate readings, it can disrupt operations, reduce efficiency, and compromise compliance. Follow this step-by-step troubleshooting guide to identify and ...
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Introduction to Conformal Coating For Industrial Sensors
Description: What is Conformal Coating? Why Use Conformal Coating? Applications of Conformal Coating ...
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Advantages of Non-Contact Level Sensors in Food Processing
From: BinMaster, Inc.Description: As demand grows in the food & beverage industry, compliance with health and safety standards continues to remain of the highest importance. Non-contact level sensors provide a solution, offering ...
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What is Surge Test?
Description: What is surge test? How does it affects sensors? ...
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Pressure Switch Types, Working Principle, Advantages & Applications
Description: This article explores how modern pressure switches improve system safety and automation, explains key selection considerations, and highlights where digital switching technology delivers higher ...
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What Are Basic Inductive Sensors?
Description: Some projects require specialized or customized sensors to meet the challenging demands of very specific application concerns. Locon provides these solutions. But, sometimes you don’t need a ...
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The Benefits of an Inductive Proximity Sensor
Description: Many manufacturers in the automotive industry and other automated facilities require non-contact presence detection to assist in safely and accurately changing tools in presses. To do so, these ...
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Introduction to Cyclic Voltammetric Stripping (CVS)
From: Metrohm USA, Inc.Description: This article highlights Cyclic Voltammetric Stripping (CVS) for monitoring organic additives in Cu electroplating baths, crucial for achieving optimal deposition. ...
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Payback Periods and ROI: Justifying a Flowmeter Investment
Description: Investing in modern flowmeter technology can significantly enhance operational performance and cost savings across a range of industries. To build a strong business case, it’s essential to ...
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Understanding Linear Sweep Voltammetry and Cyclic Voltammetry
From: Metrohm USA, Inc.Description: Linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) and cyclic voltammetry (CV) are among the most popular electrochemical techniques, and both are used for a variety of applications in labs all over the world. Their ...
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Top 5 CO2 Safety Hazards in 2026 and How to Detect Them
From: CO2Meter.comDescription: As industries continue to expand their use of carbon dioxide (CO2) for refrigeration, beverage dispensing, manufacturing, indoor agriculture, laboratories, and cryogenics, CO2 safety risks are ...
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What is Beam Angle of a Radar Level Transmitter
Description: Beam angle plays a key role in how radar level transmitters perform in real applications. This article explains why beam angle matters, how it influences measurement reliability, and how proper ...
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Wellhead Metering Using V-Cone Technology
From: McCrometer, Inc.Description: In the areas of Hydrocarbon Exploration and Production, removal of hydrocarbons are becoming increasingly dependent on injected and re-injected fluids to facilitate hydrocarbon release; as new smaller ...
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Permanent Pressure Loss Comparison Among Various Flowmeter Technologies
From: McCrometer, Inc.Description: This technical white paper compares permanent pressure loss across nine flowmeter technologies-V-Cone, orifice plate, flow nozzle, venturi tubes, turbine, vortex, and Coriolis meters-in a standardized ...
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White Paper: Know the Flow: Measurement Where You Need It the Most
From: McCrometer, Inc.Description: Water scarcity, increasing populations, and climate change are shifting the global perception of the value of water to been seen not just as a commodity, but as an invaluable resource to be protected. ...
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Case Study: Self-Conditioning V-Cone Flow Meter Solves Measurement Challenges for LNG Processing and Distribution
From: McCrometer, Inc.Description: This case study examines McCrometer's V-Cone Flow Meter, a differential pressure flow measurement device designed for liquefied natural gas (LNG) processing, transportation, and distribution. The ...
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Case Study: FPI Mag® Meter Meets the Needs of a Water Distribution Plant in Italy
From: McCrometer, Inc.Description: This case study describes how McCrometer's FPI Mag® insertion electromagnetic flow meter was selected and installed at a municipal water distribution facility in Malnate, Italy (population ...
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Field Experiences with V-Cone Technology
From: McCrometer, Inc.Description: This paper describes the principles and field use of the McCrometer V-Cone D.P. flow meter used in the role of wellhead metering, injection measurement allocation metering, custody transfer of both ...
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Pipe Elbow Effects on the V-Cone Flowmeter
From: McCrometer, Inc.Description: This white paper, originally presented at the 1993 ASME Fluids Engineering Conference, examines the effects of upstream pipe disturbances - specifically single 90? elbows and close-coupled double 90? ...
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A New Approach to Accurate Water Flow Measurement - The Study of the FPI Mag Accuracy
From: McCrometer, Inc.Description: Electromagnetic flow meters (mag meters) are the dominant technology for water flow measurement worldwide. This white paper examines the accuracy of McCrometer's FPI Mag Full Profile Insertion ...
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Electromagnetic Meters and Ultrasonic Meters - A Comparison
From: McCrometer, Inc.Description: This technical article compares electromagnetic (mag) and ultrasonic flow meters for water and wastewater applications. It covers operating principles including Faraday's Law for mag meters and ...
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Six Top Factors to Consider When Selecting a Flow Meter
From: McCrometer, Inc.Description: This technical guide outlines six critical considerations for selecting appropriate flow meters in water and wastewater applications. Topics covered include understanding the process requirements, ...
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The Challenge of Flow Disturbances on Meter Accuracy
From: McCrometer, Inc.Description: Accurately measuring flow is critical for water utility operations. Also, regulatory agencies mandate flow monitoring and require annual calibration of meters. But even a meter in perfect condition ...
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Three Hidden Traps of Low Flow Cutoff
From: McCrometer, Inc.Description: Steam system operators can pay a high price for generating product that passes through a meter but fails to get measured. Also known as low flow cutoff, those losses are a function of the turndown ...
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V-Cone Differential-Pressure Meters: Accuracy To Go With The Flow
From: McCrometer, Inc.Description: When space is tight and straight-run piping is at a premium, V-Cone® differential pressure (DP) meters (Figure 1) are an excellent choice — especially where the potential for turbulence ...
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The Importance of Dewpoint Measurement in Hydrogen Cooled Electricity Generators
From: Shaw Moisture MetersDescription: Hydrogen cooled electricity generators are widely used in power plants due to hydrogen's superior thermal conductivity and low density, which enables efficient cooling of large generators. Trace ...
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The Importance of Dewpoint Measurement in Compressed Air Dryers
From: Shaw Moisture MetersDescription: Compressed air is a vital utility in many industries, powering tools, automation systems, and processes. However, moisture in compressed air can cause significant problems, including equipment damage, ...
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Understanding Storage Tanks Types: Helpful for Selecting Right Level Sensors
Description: Understanding the storage tanks can be helpful when choosing a level sensor. When it's challenging to determine the properties of the medium, we can refer to the material of the storage tank to select ...
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CO2 Monitoring Safety System: Compliance Checklist, Benefits and Installation Guide
From: CO2Meter.comDescription: Carbon dioxide (CO2) is essential across many industries, yet it presents serious health and safety risks when leaks go undetected in enclosed or poorly ventilated spaces. This article provides a ...
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How UHP Calibration Systems Keep Semiconductors Defect-Free
From: Environics, Inc.Description: Why Semiconductors Rely on UHP Calibration Systems ...
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Why Controlled Humidity Is Critical in Gas Sensor Testing
From: Environics, Inc.Description: The Science Behind Humidity Interference ...
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Influence of Capacitance Networks on the Pulse Dynamic Range and Recovery Time of TOF Detectors
From: IMI Life ScienceDescription: A variety of capacitance networks have previously been used with discrete-dynode multipliers to improve their pulse dynamic range (linear response to high abundance ion peaks). These have been used ...
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Why Does A Magnetic Flow Meter Need Grounding?
Description: This article explains how proper grounding minimizes electrical noise in electromagnetic flow measurement. It outlines practical grounding solutions for metal and non-metal pipes, introduces modern ...
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Understand Impact of Dielectric Constant on Radar Level Meters
Description: Radar level measurement reliability depends strongly on how materials interact with electromagnetic waves. This article explains how material properties influence signal strength, highlights ...
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Understanding the Impact of Pressure on Electrochemical Oxygen Sensors
Description: This article explains how pressure influences the performance and reliability of electrochemical oxygen sensors. It explains how these sensors accurately measure oxygen partial pressure across a range ...
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Exploring the Advancements of Galvanic Oxygen Sensors in Diving Technology
Description: This article examines the crucial role of galvanic oxygen sensors in modern diving systems, emphasizing their precision and reliability for monitoring breathing gases in rebreathers and gas analyzers. ...
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Why Ultrasonic Level Sensors Not Recommended for Pressure & High Temperature Tanks
Description: Certain operating conditions can greatly affect ultrasonic level sensors. Here we explain why extreme heat, internal pressure, vapor disturbance, surface instability, and demanding installation ...
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Selecting the Right Zirconia Oxygen Sensor for Your Application
From: SST Sensing Ltd.Description: This article guides engineers through selecting the most suitable zirconia oxygen sensor for specific industrial applications. It explains how SST Sensing's zirconia sensors share a common sensing ...
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Explaining Hazardous Area Gas Groups & Temperature Classes
From: SST Sensing Ltd.Description: This article provides a practical overview of hazardous area gas groups and temperature classifications used in explosive atmospheres. It explains how gases and vapours are grouped based on ignition ...
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Point Level Switches vs Continuous Level Sensors: A Complete Guide
From: SST Sensing Ltd.Description: This article outlines the key differences between point-level switches and continuous level sensors, explaining how each technology is used in industrial liquid level measurement. Point-level switches ...
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Can Plastic Plugs Be Used in Explosion Proof Zones
Description: This article explains how sealing components are defined and certified under explosion-protection standards, clarifies the real safety concerns behind material selection, and distinguishes plugs from ...
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Level & Weight Measurement Technologies for Accurate, Automated Operations
From: BinMaster, Inc.Description: Level sensors & bin weighing scales have their own unique applications. Utilizing both in one system offers reliable, real-time inventory monitoring and redundancy. ...
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Comprehensive Guide to Storage Tank Types and Measuring Instrumentation
Description: How different industrial tanks are constructed and managed, and explains the instruments used to monitor level, temperature, pressure, and flow. It highlights practical selection tips to ensure safe, ...
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Six-Axis Sensors Boost Solid-State Battery Production
Description: Innovative force sensors tackle key solid-state battery challenges. From compaction to rolling, XJC Sensors enables precise force control, higher throughput, and safer, higher-density batteries. ...
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Why Using a Vented Water Level Sensor?
Description: How vented water level sensors maintain accurate readings by stabilizing internal pressure and preventing moisture intrusion? Learn the reliability benefits, key maintenance needs, and practical ...
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How Six-Axis Force Sensors Elevate Lithium Battery Handling Robots: Breaking Through Key Challenges
Description: How to deliver high-performance six-axis and joint torque sensors for precision, reliability, and miniaturization in advanced robotic systems. ...
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Global Robot 6-Axis Force Torque Sensor Market to Reach USD 2,512 Million by 2030!
Description: Global Robot 6-axis Force Torque Sensor market was valued at USD 184 million in 2023 and is projected to reach USD 2,512 million by 2030, exhibiting a remarkable CAGR of 47.3% during the forecast ...
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Complex Energy Operations call for Advanced Inertial Sensors Technologies
From: Tronics MicrosystemsDescription: Energy exploitation techniques have drastically evolved in the last few years, moving from conventional and vertical drilling to sophisticated techniques capable of reaching deeper, multi-reservoir ...
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Application Note: Early Warning of Defects in Blown Film
From: LANDDescription: Avoid compromising the blown film extrusion process. This critical stage of upstream production defines the composition of plastic film, whether you're making a sturdy shopping bag or a crystal-clear ...
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How NIR-b Thermal Imaging Improves Hybrid Furnace Performance
From: LANDDescription: As the steel, metals and glass industries accelerate towards decarbonisation, the hybrid furnace is emerging as a critical technology. ...
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Advanced Force Sensing Powered by Micro-Fused MEMS
Description: Dual-decoupling architecture, cross-load compensation, and automated MEMS micro-fusion deliver high-rigidity, low-drift, scalable force/torque sensing for next-generation humanoid and collaborative ...
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6-Axis Force Sensors Power Next-Gen Humanoid Robotics
Description: Unlock precise manipulation, safe human interaction, dynamic balance, and real-time motion control with advanced multi-axis force/torque sensing engineered for modern humanoid robots. ...
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How to Select, Install, Calibrate, and Maintain Electromagnetic Flowmeters: A Complete Industrial Guide
Description: Learn the working principle, installation, calibration, selection and maintenance of electromagnetic flowmeters. ...
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Stop Diaphragm Failures Before They Start
Description: Frequent diaphragm failures can cripple plant operations and drive up maintenance costs. For facilities relying on Air-Operated Double Diaphragm (AODD) pumps, these issues often stem from one root ...
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Using a Pulsation Dampener for Flow Meter Protection
Description: Flow meters are vital to the integrity and accuracy of fluid processing systems, but they are also vulnerable to one common and costly problem: pulsation. Using a pulsation dampener for flow meter ...
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CO2 Fog Machine Special Effects Safety
From: CO2Meter.comDescription: CO2 based fog effects are tasteless, odorless, and quickly dissipate into the air. However, CO2?can pose?severe?hazards if used in improperly ventilated areas. ...
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Welding Gas Safety: Why Gas Monitoring and Standards Matter for Every Weld
From: CO2Meter.comDescription: E-book discussing the importance of gas in welding process, industry standards and regulations, and how to protect staff when working near compressed gases. ...
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Monitoring Bridge Deflection with Ommatidia's Q-Series Laser Doppler Vibrometer
From: Ommatidia LiDARDescription: The real-time structural health monitoring of bridges demands non-contact, high-precision measurement of deflection and vibration under operational loads. Leveraging the advanced capabilities of the ...
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Data Centers are Overheating - And So are their Utility Bills
From: McCrometer, Inc.Description: As data centers grow in size and power demands, cooling systems are under pressure - driving up both energy use and utility costs. Discover how smarter flow measurement with electromagnetic flow ...
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Is Fluorocarbon Rubber O-ring Better Than Nitrile Rubber O-Ring
Description: Choosing between fluorocarbon (FKM) and nitrile (NBR) O-rings depends on your working conditions. FKM offers superior chemical and heat resistance, while NBR performs better in low temperatures. ...
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Comparing Stainless Steel 304, 316 VS 316L
Description: This article compares stainless steel 304, 316, and 316L, explaining their compositions, strengths, corrosion resistance, and best-use scenarios. It also guides how to choose the right material for ...
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Top Industries That Rely on Flowmeters for Efficiency and Compliance
Description: Top Industries That Rely on Flowmeters for Efficiency and Compliance ...
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Understanding Flowmeter Accuracy, Repeatability, and Rangeability
Description: Understanding Flowmeter Accuracy, Repeatability, and Rangeability ...
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Solving Bioreactor Design Challenges with Integrated Gas Control: A Scalable Approach for OEMs
From: IMI Life ScienceDescription: The Gas Control Challenge in Benchtop and Pilot-Scale Bioreactors ...
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Top 5 Types of Steam Flowmeters
Description: Steam flow monitoring solutions are offered using different types of flowmeters. Each has its own features and benefits. ...
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How to Test Electromagnetic Compatibility: A Complete Testing Guide
From: TPS Elektronik GmbHDescription: Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) testing is mandatory for electronic devices worldwide-it ensures devices work reliably without causing/receiving harmful electromagnetic interference (EMI), a must ...
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How to Ensure Accurate Measurements with Electromagnetic Flowmeters
Description: Accurate measurement with electromagnetic flowmeters depends on proper installation and maintenance. Ensuring correct calibration, stable flow velocity, clean electrodes, and bubble-free pipelines ...
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Temperature Measurement in Optical Fibre Production
From: LANDDescription: Optical fibre preforms are the starting material for manufacturing optical fibres. ...
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Inside the Furnace: What We Learned from Testing Air-Cooled Borescopes in the Real World
From: LANDDescription: Let's face it, monitoring what's going on inside a furnace that's running at over 1000°C isn't exactly a walk in the park. ...
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Driving Industrial Decarbonisation with LAND's Thermal Imaging and Oxy-Gas Furnace Technology
From: LANDDescription: While oxy-gas combustion improves fuel efficiency and reduces emissions, achieving accurate in-situ thermal monitoring still remains a key challenge. ...
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Slag Detection in Copper Smelting Operations
From: LANDDescription: In the demanding world of copper smelting, even incremental improvements in metal recovery translate to substantial gains in profitability and resource efficiency. The challenge lies in accurately ...
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Precision in Motion: How Advanced Accelerometer Technologies Are Transforming Test & Measurement Applications
From: Silicon Designs, Inc.Description: Test and measurement professionals in automotive, aerospace, and industrial sectors are redefining their standards for accuracy, stability, and reliability. MEMS DC accelerometers, especially those ...
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SDI vs. Piezoelectric Accelerometers: Which is Right for Your Application?
From: Silicon Designs, Inc.Description: When it comes to accurate, reliable motion sensing, not all accelerometers are built the same. Many industries, including aerospace, defense, and structural health monitoring, require sensors that ...
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Reducing Downtime and Improving Vehicle Comfort with Test and Measurement MEMS DC Accelerometers
From: Silicon Designs, Inc.Description: Semi-truck manufacturers are under constant pressure to deliver quieter, smoother, and more durable vehicles while also avoiding costly failures in the field. Vibration, if left unchecked, ...
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The Role of Accelerometers in Aerospace Testing and Validation
From: Silicon Designs, Inc.Description: Aerospace systems are expected to operate within extremely narrow tolerances, often in conditions far outside the scope of standard mechanical environments. To meet this expectation, engineering teams ...
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The Role of Accelerometers in Automotive Testing and Development
From: Silicon Designs, Inc.Description: Accelerometers play a foundational role in how modern vehicles are tested, validated, and improved, particularly as demands for safety, ride quality, and design agility continue to rise. These sensors ...
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RTCA/DO-160 Vibration and Shock Testing FAQ
Description: RTCA/DO-160 defines types of vibration and shock testing methods. This list of FAQs provides guidance on the categories, procedures, and testing details outlined in the standard. The applicable ...
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Whitepaper: Standard Operating Procedures for Gas Monitors by Industry
From: CO2Meter.comDescription: CO2Meter has worked to provide customers with best-in-class gas detection devices and solutions across industries, worldwide. While our name is CO2Meter, Inc. our technologies and solutions encompass ...
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Flanges Types, Materials, Applications and Selection
Description: Flanges connect pipes, sensors, and flow meters with strength, reliability, and easy maintenance. Learn about common flange types, materials, and standards to help you choose the right one for your ...
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How to Acquire Hyperspectral Imaging Data in the Field: Techniques, Equipment, and Best Practices
Description: Hyperspectral imaging (HSI) has become a vital tool for capturing detailed spectral information about materials and environments. While the technology is well-established in laboratory settings, ...
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Electrical Discharges & Detector-System Integration
From: IMI Life ScienceDescription: We demonstrate that proper detector integration must consider high-voltage design concepts and use a conservative margin of safety that accommodates real-world environmental, process, and material ...
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Improving Tribrid MS Reliability through a New Ion Trap Electron Multiplier with a Longer Lifetime
From: IMI Life ScienceDescription: We collected historical Tribrid MS electron multiplier data, which we then compared against "accelerated aging test" results for both the standard and new multipliers. ...
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Novel High Sensitivity Detector for GC/MS
From: IMI Life ScienceDescription: In this study, we have developed the new high sensitivity detector which has a simple structure to achieve high ion transmission and to eliminate neutral molecules simultaneously ...
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Will the Grass Interfere With HR2000 Radar Level Sensor Reading Water Level?
Description: Discover how vegetation impacts radar water level measurement. Learn from real test results with the HR2000 sensor and get practical tips to maintain accuracy, even in sites surrounded by grass or ...
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Electromagnetic Compatibility Testing: 2025 Guide to EMC Compliance
From: TPS Elektronik GmbHDescription: EMC testing ensures electronic devices operate correctly in their electromagnetic environment without causing interference. Many products fail their initial tests due to insufficient compliance. ...
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How to Choose the Right Wet Material: A Complete Guide
Description: Choosing the right wet material is essential for ensuring durability, safety, and cost efficiency in sensors and flow meters. This guide outlines material properties and selection factors, helping ...
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Beyond the Alarm: How HVAC Professionals can Protect Against CO Hazards
From: MSA SafetyDescription: Carbon monoxide is nearly impossible to detect without the right equipment, making proper detection absolutely essential. As an HVAC professional, it’s critical to use reliable ...
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Choosing a Vibration Testing Procedure
Description: From validating product design and establishing operational limits to qualifying equipment per customer or industrial standards, vibration testing is a valuable tool for manufacturers, designers, and ...
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What is the Role of Pressure Instrumentation in Providing Accurate and Dependable Level Measurement in Tank Storage and Terminal Environments
Description: Reliable level measurement is critical in bulk liquid storage facilities. Ineffective or inaccurate measurement can lead to inventory mismanagement, product miscalculations and losses, environmental ...
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The Advantages of Digital Pressure Sensors in Industrial Applications
From: Sensata TechnologiesDescription: Learn when and why it is best to use digital pressure sensors in industrial applications and what types of features can help increase system safety, efficiency and reliability. ...
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How to Prevent Carbon Monoxide Risks in Car Parks
From: CO2Meter.comDescription: Gas detectors not only provide personal safety for workers, but fixed CO gas monitoring systems are the industry standard for car parks. ...
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Carbon Dioxide (CO2) vs Carbon Monoxide (CO) - What's the difference?
From: CO2Meter.comDescription: Carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2) are often confused, but understanding their differences can be life-saving. While both are colorless, odorless gases, they behave very differently, pose ...
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Carbon Dioxide Levels Chart
From: CO2Meter.comDescription: Our carbon dioxide (CO2) levels chart shows the increasing danger of elevated levels of CO2 in enclosed spaces. ...
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CO2 Sensor vs. VOC Sensor: What's the Difference?
From: CO2Meter.comDescription: Customers often ask about the difference between volatile organic compound (VOC) sensors and carbon dioxide (CO2) sensors. While both can be used to measure indoor air quality they are not ...
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How Indoor Farming Uses CO2 to Boost Yields and Ensure Safety
From: CO2Meter.comDescription: While carbon dioxide enrichment is one of the most effective methods to accelerate photosynthesis, growers can also use CO2 to shorten growth cycles, increase biomass, and ultimately boost plant ...
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CGA G-6.14 Safety Requirements for Carbon Dioxide Monitoring in Near Consumer and Industrial Applications
From: CO2Meter.comDescription: The Compressed Gas Association (CGA) has released a new and critical safety standard: CGA G-6.14, Standard for Carbon Dioxide Monitoring in Near Consumer and Industrial Applications. ...