Sensors, Transducers and Detectors Reference Materials
Reference Articles 2001 - 2100 of 3086
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Emissivity Correction for a Radiometer
Description: The radiant power received by a radiometer is not only a function of the measured target temperature, but also the optical properties of its surface. These properties include absorptance a, ...
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Hydrostatic Water Level - Measurement & Control
From: PMC Engineering LLCDescription: The hydrostatic level transmitter is a small but vital component for water well monitoring and control. ...
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How to Read a Psychrometric Chart - ROTRONIC
Description: One may ask, why should we bother to learn how to read a psychrometric chart? After all, we have myriad online calculators, tables, smart phone apps, etc. Most of our instruments perform the ...
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Humidity Definitions - The 7 Essential Parameters - ROTRONIC
Description: This easy-to-read 3 page technical note defines 7 essential humidity parameters that should be fully understood by anyone who measures humidity in a controlled environment. The first step in making a ...
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ROTRONIC - Choosing Sensors and Parameters for Mapping
Description: The parameters you choose to map will depend upon your particular situation. Typical parameters for mapping are temperature, humidity, pressure, light and vibration. You must first determine the ...
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The Capacitive Humidity Sensor - How it Works & Attributes of the Uncertainty Budget
Description: The humidity sensor is a small capacitor consisting of a hygroscopic dielectric material placed between a pair of electrodes. Most capacitive sensors use a plastic or polymer as the dielectric ...
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Absolut Zero Invasion -- Noninvasive temperature measurement keeps things tight
Description: The majority of measurements made in the process industry are of temperature and pressure. Around half of the temperature measurements are used for monitoring purposes to secure product quality, ...
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SPI bus communication with LDE/LME pressure sensors
From: First Sensor AGDescription: This Application Note discusses methods and special considerations related to the Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) protocol used to communicate digitally with LDE and LME series pressure sensors. ...
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Clever ice warning systems of the MeteoGroup
From: LufftUSADescription: Joerg Riemann, who is meteorologist at the MeteoGroup, Europe's largest private weather service, is in charge of the winter road maintenance customers. In the following he explains how the winter ...
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Lufft technology on special wind turbine of University in Regensburg
From: LufftUSADescription: My bachelor project consisted of the development of an independent, mobile small wind turbine that can be used flexibly in different locations. In the final version of the new technology a WS200-UMB ...
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New snow plough shall reduce road salt consumption trememdously
From: LufftUSADescription: In order to reduce salt consumption, Norway's road authorities set new standards for the road clearance two years ago. This meant that now there are five instead of three road classifications. In ...
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Professional weather data for radio amateurs
From: LufftUSADescription: From the afternoon singles chart on the radio, television broadcasts, mobile phones, to the electronic doorbell - we are invisibly surrounded by the wireless networks and this is exactly what our ...
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In a Complicated Process, Safety is a Simple Solution
Description: According to the National Coil Coating Association "it is a continuous, automated process for coating metal before fabrication into end products. The steel or aluminum substrate is delivered in coil ...
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EPA and CARB Crack Down on Clean Air Violation by Volkswagen
From: Environics, Inc.Description: The US EPA announced on Monday that a notice of violation, or NOV, of the Clean Air Act was issued to Volkswagen. The EPA states that the model years 2009-2015 Volkswagen and Audi vehicles (4-cylinder ...
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Hypoxia in the News - Possible Cause of Small Aircraft Crash
From: Environics, Inc.Description: Hypoxia was in the news recently after a small aircraft went down near Jamaica. After initialing radioing for permission to descend from 25,000 to 20,000 feet due to an indication of an issue, all ...
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Did you know how many different kinds of sensors go inside a smartphone?
Description: Today's smartphones are incredible little machines - ones that would have been regarded as witchcraft several decades ago. But we've grown so used to our iPhones and Android handsets that take them ...
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Introduction to TMR Magnetic Sensors
Description: Magnetic transducers are widely used in modern industry and electronics to sense the magnetic field strength to measure current, position, motion, direction, and other physical parameters. ...
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Magnetic Sensor Data Acquisition Technology
Description: The development of electronic computing technology, especially the rapid development of embedded systems and applications, is causing digital circuit technology to be the foundation of measurement ...
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MR Effect Physical Explanation
Description: Magnetoresistance of the magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) also known as tunneling magnetoresistance (TMR) is a result of the spin-dependent tunneling effect. ...
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TMR Magnetic Sensor Technology Development History
Description: In 1975, Julliere observed the TMR effect in the Magnetic Tunnel Junction (MTJ) sandwich structure (Co / Ge / Fe). The MTJ basic structure is (ferromagnetic / nonmagnetic insulating layer / ...
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Ten Fluid Measurement Plant Imperatives That Increase Process Efficiency and Reduce Costs
Description: Accurately measuring the flow and level of the various liquids and gases that travel through a process industry plant is a critical function for effective and efficient plant operations. ...
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Conductivity Measurement: A Hidden Key to Dairy Industry Success
Description: As the dairy industry moves to continue to grow and thrive, while remaining globally competitive, one of its biggest challenges will be how well the industry can maintain best practice processes that ...
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Improved Conductivity Analysis in Desalination Process
Description: Conductivity measurements are widely used in a variety of industries and applications, including leak detection, clean-in-place, water treatment, interface detection, and notably, in desalination. As ...
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Fast Help Through Portable Weather Stations from FTS
From: LufftUSADescription: With a network of over 2,200 fixed fire weather stations throughout North America, FTS has been providing data through reliable telemetry for over 20 years. The data is used to predict, prevent, and ...
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Weather station with panoramic view
From: LufftUSADescription: When we met for the first location inspection of a planned new weather station in December last year, the sun hasn't risen yet and I wasn't aware of what was lying ahead. We had already discussed, ...
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Calculating Flow Rate from Pressure Measurements
From: All Sensors Corp.Description: Fluid flow occurs with the motion of liquid and gaseous materials and pressure sensors play a critical role in determining many aspects of fluid flow. Fluid dynamics provides the means of ...
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Level Switch Detects Oil and Nitrogen Interface to Support Effective PIG System Operation
Description: A major oil producer in Alaska's North Slope region operates miles of transit pipeline as part of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System (TAPS) within the U.S. National Petroleum Reserve - Alaska. The TAPS ...
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Evidence of Intracrystalline Mesostructured Porosity in Zeolites by Advanced Gas Sorption, Electron Tomography and Rotation Electron Diffraction
From: Quantachrome InstrumentsDescription: A ground breaking collaborative research study by Quantachrome Instruments, Rive Technology, Stockholm University, and University of Alicante (Spain) uniquely demonstrated the power of combining 3 ...
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Measuring the Smallest Resolution of a Positioning Stage
Description: The noise measured by the external metrology (laser) contains the sum of all mechanical and electrical sources - the amplifier noise, the servo noise, the sensor noise, the vibrational noise from ...
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Oil, as and water flow rate in real-time - measurement becomes multiphase
Description: The VIS multiphase flowmeter measures real-time flow rates of oil, gas and water in the most difficult multiphase environments that are typical of the oil and gas upstream sector - Measurement made ...
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Qualmark's Expertise Supports and Benefits Defense Applications
Description: Defense contractors like Raytheon, Lockheed Martin, BAE Systems, Honeywell, and L3, and their suppliers have found Qualmark's technology to be an essential and cost-effective addition to their ...
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Specifying Nonlinearity and Hysteresis of Rotating Torquemeters
From: S. Himmelstein & CompanyDescription: Nonlinearity and Hysteresis definitions were developed to characterize performance of common sensors such as scales and load cells. Those definitions have been widely used to characterize ...
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Automotive Market Trends and Their Impact on TECAT
Description: Several market trends will have positive and in some cases, challenging, effects on TECAT's Test and Measurement business in the Automotive market. ...
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Noise Curves
From: NTi Audio AGDescription: Noise curves specify the acoustic ambient noise in an indoor environment. The unoccupied room is measured to produce a single maximum value across the complete sound spectrum. This value is used to ...
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Flow Meter Enhances Chlorination System Performance for Municipal Water Department
Description: The water municipality at a mid-size city in the Western region of the U.S. serving a population of about 180,000 people needed to address a chlorine disinfection system problem at one of its water ...
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Optimizing Gas Storage Fields Operation through High Accuracy Multiphase Flow Metering
Description: Natural gas consumption is far from being constant over the months. Typically Natural Gas (NG) is stored in summer periods, when there is lower demand for it, and is withdrawn in the winter periods, ...
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Optimizing Performance with GaN-Ready Magnetics
From: Precision IncorporatedDescription: Think of it as a tax or a toll. It's the power that is lost every time electricity is converted from one form to another, and it can really add up. The conversions themselves cannot be avoided, but ...
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Precise Air Flow Measurement Improves Efficiency of Mining Froth Flotation Cells
Description: A major international mining operator extracting precious metals wanted to optimize its froth flotation cell's performance at one of its mines. The flotation cell was experiencing production ...
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Refinery Turns to Thermal Mass Flow Meter for Safety-Critical Nitrogen Tank Blanketing
Description: An independent Midwest refiner recently approved a project to improve the safety of its plant and reduce its costs for nitrogen gas used for tank blanketing. The company operates refineries in ...
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How it Works - 4 to 20mA LVDT
From: RDP ElectrosenseDescription: How it Works - 4 to 20mA LVDT ...
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How it Works - Dc LVDT
From: RDP ElectrosenseDescription: How it Works - Dc LVDT ...
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How it Works - Magnetostrictive
From: RDP ElectrosenseDescription: How it Works - Magnetostrictive ...
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How it Works - Strain Gauge Load Cell
From: RDP ElectrosenseDescription: How it Works - Strain Gauge Load Cell ...
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How it Works - Strain Gauge Pressure Transducer
From: RDP ElectrosenseDescription: How it Works - Strain Gauge Pressure Transducer ...
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Flammability Analyzers Versus Flame Ionization Detectors for Process Applications
Description: Why have so many fires and explosions occurred in industrial processes that were believed to have adequate protection against such hazards? ...
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The Unfair Advantage
Description: Kalitta Mototrsports used TECAT's WISER system to improve vehicle setup prior to races. ...
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Fine Dust - one of the biggest problems of modern cities
From: LufftUSADescription: Despite great efforts by governments worldwide, particulate pollution in the cities is growing. ...
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Color Sensing Improves Look and Feel of Smart Products
Description: The development of the market for tablets and smartphones has shown the power of novel, attractive industrial design to build strong market positions for OEMs. As the attention widens out to wearable ...
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Selecting the Proper Pressure Control Valve
From: KNF Neuberger, Inc.Description: Before deciding on the appropriate diaphragm pressure control valve for your application, it is important to first understand some of the basic uses of these devices. Gaining a better understanding of ...
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Remote Temperature Monitoring White Paper
From: Anaren, Inc.Description: A white paper analyzing the use of a temperature monitoring system for industries relying on temperature-sensitive equipment, the benefits of these systems, and the best solution to meet a ...
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Lufft VENTUS Ultrasonic Wind Sensor Proven for Offshore Operation
From: LufftUSADescription: The Lufft Ultrasonic Anemometer VENTUS-UMB successfully completed the test at the International Technical Inspection Agency TUEV SUED and now has the Protection Class IP68. This confirms officially ...
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Netherlands Cloud Height measured by Sensors from Lufft
From: LufftUSADescription: In the near future, the cloud height in the Netherlands will be measured by sensors from the German company Lufft from Fellbach (near Stuttgart). ...
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ATEX/IECEX Certified Electronics Manufacturer
From: Smith Systems, Inc.Description: ATEX/IECEx refers to European Directive 94/9/EC, which covers equipment and protective systems for use in areas endangered by potentially explosive atmospheres created by the presence of flammable ...
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LITRE METER FLOWMETERS DELIVER DESALINATION SOLUTIONS
From: Litre Meter LimitedDescription: Water shortages and drought are becoming more common and longer-lasting throughout the world in places as far apart as California and China. Desalination is being hailed as one of the most effective ...
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ARWIS Systems by Lufft on the Upper Peninsula of Michigan (United States)
From: LufftUSADescription: ARWIS systems by Lufft on the Upper Peninsula of Michigan (United States). ...
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Lufft Weather Sensors at the FIFA World Cup 2014 in Brazil
From: LufftUSADescription: Lufft weather sensors at the FIFA World Cup 2014 in Brazil. ...
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Monitoring of clima-sensitivity finds in an archaeological exhibition
From: LufftUSADescription: A majority of archeological sites are climate sensitive; therefore, the surrounding environment must be continuously and reliably monitored. The exhibition organizers have put their trust in Lufft ...
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Ultrasonic wind sensors for the DWD's maritime monitoring network come from Lufft
From: LufftUSADescription: Ultrasonic wind sensors for the DWD's maritime monitoring network come from Lufft. ...
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Application Note 221101D - Dynamic Torque Measurement
From: S. Himmelstein & CompanyDescription: Rotary power sources and absorbers have discrete poles and/or pistons and/or gear meshes, etc. As a result, they develop and absorb torque in a pulsating rather than a smooth manner. Furthermore, a ...
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Avoiding the Destructive Effects of Torsional Resonance
From: S. Himmelstein & CompanyDescription: The rapidly expanding use of diesel engines and a-c variable speed drive systems has made it essential for test stand users and designers to acquire a working knowledge of torsional effects. Both ...
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Tips for the Installation of MCRT® Torquemeters
From: S. Himmelstein & CompanyDescription: An MCRT® torquemeter must be installed properly as an integral part of a drive line network in order to achieve satisfactory operation. Proper installation will: a) transmit the desired torque ...
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Lufft delivers more than 100 ceilometers to German Weather Service (DWD)
From: LufftUSADescription: The DWD (Deutscher Wetterdienst meaning German Weather Service) is convinced, that a large number of cloud height sensors CHM 15k from the company G. Lufft will be used in the future. In a tender ...
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Biological Water Treatment
Description: ABB instrumentation was an obvious choice when the Swedish pulp producer Vallviks Bruk AB built a new plant for biological water treatment. Vallviks Bruk AB, located about 200 km (125 miles) north of ...
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Organics Monitoring: A Practical Guide
Description: Preventing product loss, lowering waste treatment costs, and reducing system maintenance and energy consumption through organics monitoring in the chemical, refining, food, and wastewater treatment ...
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Texas Refinery Identifes the Source of Boiler Contamination and Restores Production Using On-Line Steam Condensate Analyzer
Description: A major refinery in Texas, USA, recently experienced steam condensate contamination and major fouling of a boiler resulting in damage that led to an unplanned shutdown. The financial impact of the ...
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VortexMaster Helping Orient Petrochemical Terminal Co. Ltd strengthen energy managment and control
Description: Sinochem Sinopec Shanghai Orient Petrochemical Terminal Co., Ltd. (former Shanghai Orient Tank Co., Ltd.) was established in 1989, and is now located in Pudong District of Shanghai. It is a ...
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Electronic Inclinometers
Description: When tilted around the central axis , fluid will flow more in to one side of the recipient, as it seeks level. The pair of electrodes submersed in a higher quantity of fluid will produce a higher ...
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Water Level Sensing-Hydrostatic Technique
Description: Water level monitoring is an important parameter in many municipal, environmental and process applications. In each case, the measurement technique and the hardware required must be carefully chosen ...
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How to Be Safe, Save Energy and Lower Fuel Costs While Using an Oxidizer
Description: Thermal oxidizers are used to destroy the VOC's present in many industrial ventilation, process exhaust and waste air streams. As their use increases, so does a unique opportunity to be safe, save ...
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A Family Business Protects Their Product using Wireless Dataloggers
From: CAS DataLoggersDescription: In August of 2014 CAS DataLoggers provided the automated temperature monitoring system for Longhini Sausage Co. Inc. in Connecticut, a family-owned business serving the Southern Connecticut area for ...
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Troubleshooting Accsense A2-05 Wired Pods
From: CAS DataLoggersDescription: Some Accsense Monitoring users have encountered a Power over Ethernet issue concerning Accsense A2-05 Ethernet Temperature Dataloggers. To quickly resolve this and other issues, CAS DataLoggers has ...
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Why Use H2 Fuel for LFL Analyzers?
Description: There are technologies available that will measure % LFL levels that require no fuel. On a first approach this may seem like a nice solution, as there are no utilities needed and the safety ...
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6 Things to Consider when Designing a System to Continuously Monitor Calorific Value
Description: Measuring the calorific value of mixed gaseous fuels can be difficult. These complex mixtures of combustible and non-combustible gases and vapors can vary in concentration or composition over time due ...
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Measure and Control the Demands of a Flare Stack Application
Description: Flare stacks are often used to dispose of the waste products from batch chemical processes. Their waste streams may contain many components such as ethylene, propylene, natural gas, mineral spirits, ...
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Not all FIDs are the Same
Description: While flame ionization is the appropriate sensor technology for measuring total hydrocarbon levels in the parts-per-million (PPM) range, not all FIDs are the same. Many FIDs offered to process ...
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Predictive emission monitoring systems The power of software analyzers
Description: Gregorio Ciarlo, Federico Callero and Maurizio Simonelli, ABB SpA, Italy, discuss the application of predictive emission monitoring systems in applications when fuel characteristics are variable or in ...
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The Essential Requirements for a Reliable Solvent Vapor Analyzer
Description: Halloween is a time for ghosts, goblins & ghoul...but a really frightening thought would be having an unreliable monitoring system! Here are the essential requirements for a reliable solvent vapor ...
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Top 5 Characteristics of an Analyzer for a Flare Stack Application
Description: Fully Heated Assembly - Keeping all sample wetted parts of the sampling system and analyzer at a high temperature will ensure that all combustible vapors are properly measured, eliminating inaccurate ...
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Top reasons to install an analyzer in your flare stack application
Description: We've discussed the characteristics of an analyzer and the trends found in a flare stack application, but how about WHY you should install a monitoring system. Here are the top reasons you should have ...
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Trends in Flaring...Adaptability is Key
Description: Flare stacks are often used to dispose of the waste products from batch chemical processes. Their waste streams may contain many components such as ethylene, propylene, natural gas, mineral spirits, ...
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Beware of Low Humidity in the Printing Industry
From: Smart FogDescription: Do you work in the printing industry? If so, you should take a proactive approach towards monitoring the humidity levels in your workplace. Allowing airborne water vapor (or lack thereof) to remain ...
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Low Humidity and Electrostatic Discharge: What you should know
From: Smart FogDescription: Workplaces and other indoor environments with a low relative humidity (RH) are prone to a scientific phenomenon known as electrostatic discharge (ESD). ESD is defined as the sudden flow of electricity ...
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Testing safety critical PA systems in a nuclear power plant
From: NTi Audio AGDescription: This article describes considerations and the implementation of retrofitting a fully-automated procedure, for testing a public address system, into a safety-critical environment (a nuclear power ...
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BillerudKorsnäs board mill and PillowBlock load cells
Description: BillerudKorsnäs' machines for manufacturing of packaging paper, consumer board and container board are running with Pressductor PillowBlock load cells providing accurate wire and web tension ...
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Using the T&D Thermo App with TR-7wf Data Loggers
From: CAS DataLoggersDescription: The T&D Thermo App from T&D Corporation can be used to accomplish a variety of functions with the TR-7wf Series of Wi-Fi enabled Wireless Data Loggers. This convenient App is available for free ...
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Accurately Measuring LNG Tanker Boil-Off Gas For Process Efficiency and Environmental Compliance
Description: With the recent growth in demand and production of liquefied natural gas (LNG), there has been an increase in trade and the need to transport it globally via LNG tanker ships. This increase in LNG ...
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Flow Meter Selection for Improved Gas Flow Measurements: Comparison of Differential Pressure and Thermal Dispersion Technologies
Description: As the costs of fuels and consumables (natural gas, hydrogen, oxygen, etc.) continue to rise, the ability to accurately measure the amount used in a process becomes significant in controlling costs ...
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Flow Switches for Refinery Water/Wastewater Control
Description: To ensure quality production of petroleum-based products in oil refineries, including gasoline, diesel, kerosene, heating oil, and byproducts for plastics and a variety of lubricants, operators must ...
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Greenhouse Gas Flow Monitoring Helps In Global Climate Change Effort
Description: As of 2010 most of the world's industrialized nations have recognized the climate change issues resulting from global warming that were presented in the 1997 Kyoto Protocol. Since that time, the ...
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How A Biogas Processing System Manufacturer Identified the Best Flow Meter for Gas Measurement
Description: Klargastechnik Deutschland GmbH is a leading bioengineering, designer, manufacturer and installer of biogas and digester gas processing equipment and systems that is headquartered in Germany. ...
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Hydrocarbon Recovery System Relies on High Accuracy Mass Flow Meters
Description: Loading and unloading of tankers at tanker terminals, refineries, and chemical plants releases large flows of hydrocarbon gas vapour that must be captured to protect the environment. ...
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Improve Flow Accuracy and Reduce Costs: Putting Smart Flow Conditioning Practices to Work
Description: If you need to increase your plant's productivity and reduce its operational costs, focusing on flow measurement can result in significant monetary savings, potential product quality improvements and ...
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Innovative New Air/Gas Thermal Flow Meter Changes the Rules
Description: Upgrading a plant's gas flow meters can improve process efficiency, reduce energy costs and save on maintenance expenses in both equipment and labor, as well as improve reporting accuracy to local ...
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Seven Tips To Cut Wastewater Aeration Energy Costs With Thermal Mass Flow Meters
Description: One of the biggest expenses in wastewater treatment operations is the cost of energy to run the blowers and compressors that produce air for the aeration basins. The figures most often cited are that ...
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High Performance Sensor Data with Rotary Interfaces
Description: With the proliferation of high performance, real-time sensing applications, the bandwidth capabilities of the transmission lines that carry these signals are highlighted. Much of the advancement in ...
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Watts Flood Protection Shutdown Valves Prevent Against Costly Flood Damage
From: WattsDescription: Protect valuable laboratory research from flood damage or destruction due to backflow preventer discharge. ...
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QVE00112 for Motor Control Circuits
From: Light in Motion LLCDescription: This article discusses the benefits of using an advanced Optical Interrupter for Motor Control ...
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Top Ten Questions to Consider When Selecting a Flammability Analyzer
Description: Processes that are monitored for solvent vapor concentrations are typically enclosed, heated spaces that require an active sample drawing system. They have an intentional release of solvent at all ...
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Drilling deeper - can position sensors take the heat?
From: BEI SensorsDescription: As the world strives to find and extract more oil to meet the increasing global demand, the technology challenges of drilling deeper wells intensify significantly. The push to reach deeper oil ...
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Vibration Monitoring & Analysis of Machine Humming
From: CAS DataLoggersDescription: Gas turbine efficiency is critical to a facility's productivity. A global manufacturer of gas turbines uses Delphin Expert Vibro Data Acquisition & Control Systems for humming vibration analysis of ...