Electrical and Electronics Reference Materials
Reference Articles 2701 - 2800 of 3258
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PDU Installation Options with Diagrams
From: Tripp Lite by EatonDescription: A Power Distribution Unit is a versatile component in your power infrastructure. Here, you will find a few examples of PDU installations that meet specific rack design goals with diagram examples. ...
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Backup Generator Connection
Description: Screw connector for a current level up to 400A to screw onto busbars or panel receptacles with M12 thread. According to the mounting situation and installation features several accessories and/or ...
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Multi-Contact placed Bipolar BTP-HE connector in order to equip high speed trains for batteries & backup systems
Description: . Bipolar touch protected corrector on both receptacle & plug side . The aluminum housing withstands harsh conditions and mechanical influences. ...
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Multi-Pole Connectors for Docking Systems Used in Automated Surface Finishing
Description: * Connectors for multi-couplings are designed for the specific requirements of automated production facilities and meet high plugging frequency requirements up to 1 million mating cycles. * They are ...
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Top 8 Considerations for Choosing the Right Rack PDU
From: Tripp Lite by EatonDescription: Power design in data centers is getting substantial attention - particularly by facilities and engineering personnel - as organizations pursue constant improvements in reliability and energy ...
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Success Stories - Rail Sector - Converter/Inverter
Description: Multi-Contact placed special GSR flat connectors in order to equip high speed trains for power conversion modules. ...
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Success Stories PTD Sector - Transformers
Description: Barrier boards made of Transformer board provide drip-proof separation of the oil in the main tank from the oil in the tap changer compartment. Thus the risk a tap changer failure will have an impact ...
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Success Stories - Aerosector
Description: The primary' power distribution switchboard is responsible for switching and distributing electrical power from the generators to the main supply busbars on the aircraft. It consists of various types ...
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Success Stories - PTD Sector - Mobile Power Supply
Description: As provider of electrical energy, responsible for a continuous and reliable delivery of energy, just as for the end customer himself, it is very jmportant to be able to respond to the energy demand at ...
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Success Stories- Vacuum Switchgear
Description: Dead tank vacuum circuit breakers are three-phase devices designed for power distribution substations. These breakers provide overcurrent protection and isolation from short circuit conditions for ...
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Reciprocating Linear Alternator White Paper
From: Umbra GroupDescription: The conversion of motion to electricity from reciprocating power sources is typically associated with the integration of multiple systems. For each system, risks of failure increase and losses in ...
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Automotive Success Story
Description: Certain applications such as welding of mufti-layer sheet meal or aluminum welding require more powerful welding transformers. Therefore. 1 50A on the primary side would have boon undersized to covey ...
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Basic concepts for explosion protection
Description: Explosion protection, Protection principles, Types of protection ...
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CombiTac for easy interchangeability of the tooling plates in an automatic high performance tray sealer.
Description: Our customer is a world leader in the design, manufacture and installation of multi-head weighing and packing machines. The customer claims to have completely re-engineered the top sealing of trays ...
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Innovative solutions for aviation and beyond: Multi-Contact placed fork plugs for Aerospace
Description: Business needs Background Description: The Solid State Power Controller (SSPC) combines LDircuit breaker, load monitoring and relay functions in a small plug-in package to prevent failure in a ...
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Marking of non-electrical equipment for use in potentially explosive atmospheres
Description: Marking of non-electrical equipment for use in potentially explosive atmospheres ...
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Success Stories - Electric Vehicles
Description: The company was started in 2008 as a joint venture of two leading companies in the european commercial vehicle market, with the aim to provide a sustainable solution to today's urban goods and ...
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Success Stories - Solar Power
Description: The introduction of 1500 V technology combined with optimizer technology to increase efficiency is the next revolutionary step in photovoltaic system technology. This enables significant reduction of ...
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Membrane Electrode Assembly (MEA) Activation Procedures
From: FuelCellsEtcDescription: Why is an activation procedure or break-in necessary for a membrane electrode assembly (MEA)? ...
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Innovations in Battery Technology for Portable Devices
Description: This white paper reviews several significant recent trends in the battery industry. While the Lithium-ion (Li-ion) market is quickly overtaking other rechargeable battery technologies, in popularity, ...
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Li-ion Battery Temperature Trends During Charge and Discharge
Description: Lithium chemistry batteries are replacing Sealed Lead Acid (SLA) and Nickel Metal-hydride (NiMH) types in many fixed and portable applications due to their higher energy storage density relative to ...
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Selecting Cell Chemistries For Your Portable Battery System (2)
Description: Three cell chemistries currently dominate the growing portable application market: Nickel-Metal Hydride (NiMH), Lithium Ion (Li-ion), and Lithium Polymer (Li-polymer). While all of these chemistries ...
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The Dangers of Aftermarket Counterfeit Battery Packs
Description: The continuing growth of portable handheld devices has spawned a healthy selection of aftermarket battery pack suppliers. The ownership period of an individual portable device often exceeds the cycle ...
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What's New In Power Management Electronics
Description: Power management electronics perform more than just basic safety functionality; they can maximize the performance of a design from several perspectives. This white paper will cover typical battery ...
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Designing Line Power Networks for FTTH Applications
From: Alpha Technologies Ltd.Description: As Fiber-to-the-Home (FTTH) deployments in greenfield applications have saturated and telcos begin to look at rehabbing existing neighborhoods, many carriers have begun investigating the use of ...
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Grounding Tips
From: CITEL SURGE PROTECTIONDescription: A protection system with a poor ground is the same as having no protection at all. ...
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Power Save™ Reducing Energy Consumption in Alpha Cordex Power Plants
From: Alpha Technologies Ltd.Description: Telecom service providers are among the largest users of energy, accounting for approximately 1% of the global energy consumption. The opportunity to affect both the environment and the bottom line ...
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Selecting Cell Chemistries For Your Portable Battery System
Description: Three cell chemistries currently dominate the growing portable application market: Nickel-Metal Hydride (NiMH), Lithium Ion (Li-ion), and Lithium Polymer (Li-polymer). While all of these chemistries ...
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Success Stories-Tidal Stream Power Generator
Description: Multi-Contact UK developed customized connectors for for the use in their tidal stream generators. The pilot protect was successfully completed ¡n 2003. and was followed by the larger SeaGen project ...
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Plan for Change via Open Standards
From: nVent Schroff, Inc.Description: All market segments are facing cost pressures along with the need to keep up with rapid technology changes and network capacity issues. In an effort to reduce csts, a focus on lifecycle maintenance ...
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What is the Difference Between Carbon Paper and Carbon Cloth Based Gas Diffusion Layers (GDL)?
From: FuelCellsEtcDescription: Carbon Paper Gas Diffusion Layers (GDL) (e.g. Sigracet, Freudenberg, Toray, etc) tend to be thinner and more brittle than Carbon Cloth Gas Diffusion Layers (e.g. ELATâ ¢, GDL-CT). Â Each type has a ...
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What is the Purpose of a Gas Diffusion Layer (GDL)?
From: FuelCellsEtcDescription: The Gas Diffusion Layer (GDL) plays several critical roles in a typical fuel cell application and is often integrated as part of the Membrane Electrode Assembly (MEA). Typical applications that use ...
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Vibration Proofing Metal Foil Resistors
Description: Circuitry for space probes, avionics and down-hole data logging must perform flawlessly under harsh conditions, including high vibration and extreme temperature changes. Even a failure of a minor ...
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Bend Radius & Cable Installation Workmanship
From: PIC Wire & CableDescription: Like modern avionic instruments which are more sophisticated and sensitive (and capable) than in the past, modern coaxes with softer, lower-loss dielectrics are more easily damaged. Bending, ...
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Cable Materials
From: PIC Wire & CableDescription: We sometimes forget that many cables are not designed to conduct electrical power or signals, such as cables which support bridges, actuate ailerons, and tow cars, for example. Mechanical wire & cable ...
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Coaxial Cable vs. Triaxial Cable
From: PIC Wire & CableDescription: There are many variations within all the "-axial" designs, but a basic understanding of their family names may help in making sensible application decisions, or at least better appreciating the ...
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Grounding Problems - Sources & Solutions
From: PIC Wire & CableDescription: Low-level circuits are often interconnected using shielded cables, mainly for protection against externally induced noise. Aside from the effectiveness of the shield designs themselves, even more ...
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Making Connections - Terminating the Wiring
From: PIC Wire & CableDescription: There are many ways to terminate a wire: soldering; crimping; under the head of a terminal strip screw; welding...all can be successful in forming a good, gas-tight connection. While each has its ...
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Moisture Effects on Coaxial Cable
From: PIC Wire & CableDescription: Moisture trapped inside a connector can produce effects ranging from unnoticed to serious, depending on the demands of the system. But be assured the cable assembly will be affected if moisture ...
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Velocity Factor in Cables
From: PIC Wire & CableDescription: In theory, electrical signals move at the speed of light. Cables only slow them down. The ratio of actual speed to the speed of light is known as the velocity factor, or Velocity of Propagation (VOP), ...
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Wire Gauge
From: PIC Wire & CableDescription: The common standard for the diameter (gauge) of round drawn wire is the American Wire Gauge (AWG). As strands of wire are made, they are drawn through progressively smaller dies. This is true of all ...
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Ultrasonic Inspection of Oil & Gas Pipelines
From: Multi/Cable CorporationDescription: A manufacturer of testing equipment for the oil refining industry needed a cable for ultrasonic inspection of oil and gas pipelines in Alaska to test for corrosion and cracks in the pipeline. ...
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Reed Switch FAQs
From: PIC GmbHDescription: This document contains several frequently asked questions regarding reed switches- How does a Reed Switch work? What are the advantages of Reed Switches? Which are the different Reed Switch types? ...
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Can I Purify Hydrogen from my HHO with a Metal Hydride?
From: FuelCellsEtcDescription: We occasionally get questions from people wanting to know if they can use a Metal Hydride (MH) to purify the Hydrogen from an HHO generator, so I thought I would post our response here: ...
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What Nafion membrane thickness is right for an Electrolyzer / Hydrogen Generation?
From: FuelCellsEtcDescription: Nafion membranes come in many different thickness and types. How do you know which to choose when designing an electrolyzer (hydrogen generator)? ...
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When Ethernet Rotates: Ethernet and Slip Rings
Description: There are cases when a slip ring must be utilized to carry the conductors of copper transmission line (cable) from a rotating platform to a stationary structure. The sharp growth in the use of Gigabit ...
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3 Reasons Why Coil Cords are Important in a Wireless World
From: Meridian CableDescription: Coil cords are everywhere, from the back of a semi truck, to a cameraâ s flash strobe to the arcade games where you manipulate a claw to pick up a toy. Coil cords are used in a wide variety of ...
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Coiled Cable Life Testing
From: Meridian CableDescription: Coiled cables are used by many industries, medical, industrial controls, aerospace, public safety and telecommunications. Regardless of the industry coil cords are used because they extend. This ...
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Diving into the World of Spiral Cables
From: Meridian CableDescription: Spiral cables, also known as curly cords, are those cords with a distinct spiral or curly shape that can be found anywhere from mobile cell phone car chargers to heart defibrillators. According to ...
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Everything You Need To Know About Curly Cords
From: Meridian CableDescription: Curly cords can be found everywhere, from your cell phone car charger to simple key chains from the convenience store. According to Bud Kinzalow, cable assembly expert and owner of Meridian Cable, ...
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HD Video and Peripheral Signal Extension and Switching
From: Black BoxDescription: An overview of extension and switching technologies, including: Effective monitoring of automation, processes and workflow. flexible control of visual and peripheral elements Real-time switching ...
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Reverse Recovery Time
Description: Factors Influencing Reverse Recovery Time Circuit/Environmental Influences: Other Factors: a) dl/dT c) Silicon Resistivity b) Junction Temperature d) Peak Inverse Voltage e) Manufacturing Process ...
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Rectifier Assemblies - Analysis and Design
Description: This section is intended to provide the user with 1) general background information on certain diode and rectifier assembly characteristics, and 2) basic guidance in identifying specific application ...
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Multipliers - Analysis and Design
Description: The following information provides general information and basic guidance necessary for the design of a multiplier assembly. ...
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FAQs > Multipliers
Description: Space Level Multipliers Operating Frequency MVM302P08 High Temp Performance MVM Polarity ...
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Solving Heat Related Issues in Food Manufacturing
From: ITW Air ManagementDescription: Food manufacturing equipment must withstand frequent washdowns in order to maintain quality standards. Electrical panels on this equipment therefore must maintain NEMA 4X ratings. High temperature ...
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CAUTION FOR SAFETY AND PRODUCTS
From: Cosel U.S.A., Inc.Description: The earth terminal of power supply should be connected to the equipment where power supply is placed as thicker and shorter to protect electric shock or noise interference. ...
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Spring Connection Terminals offer Cost Savings on the Floor and in the Field
From: Mencom CorporationDescription: Connection terminals offer a solution to handle rugged environments and save money. Tool-less spring connectors, offered by Mencom, enable for quick installation of heavy duty rectangular connectors. ...
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What Hydrogen Storage is Best for Me?
From: FuelCellsEtcDescription: There are a number of different Hydrogen storage options available. The one which is best for you depends on what is most important for your application: ...
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Technical Notes for Power Suppies
From: Cosel U.S.A., Inc.Description: Regulated DC voltage is required for semiconductor devices such as ICs and Transistors to function. Regulated voltage can be generated from commercial AC lines with an AC to DC power supply or from DC ...
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Workpiece identification, solenoid valve actuation and clamp confirmation on pallet
From: B&Plus USA, Inc.Description: Wireless power supply success story about workpiece management on pallet. ...
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Handling Notes for Quartz Crystals
Description: Generally, quartz crystals are designed to be quite insensitive against environmental conditions, nevertheless care should be taken during transportation, storing and production to avoid ...
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Application Note - Setting up a stock MD10P for Pizza Ovens
From: Dart Controls, Inc.Description: Setting up the MD10P control for your oven requires two pieces of information: 1. The number of pulses / revolution generated by the motor speed sensor 2. The desired display at a known motor RPM ...
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DC/DC CONVERTER Logic On/Off
From: GAIA ConverterDescription: This application note describes how to use the On/Off function together with GAÏA Converter modules. The logic On/Off function allows the user to inhibit the output of the DC/DC converter using a ...
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DC/DC CONVERTER Modules Assembly Tips
From: GAIA ConverterDescription: This document is intended to provide guidance in utilizing soldering practices to make high quality connections of GAIA Converter modules to printed circuit boards. These assembly recommendations are ...
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DC/DC CONVERTER Output Ripple & Noise
From: GAIA ConverterDescription: DC/DC switching power converters are natural generators of noise. There are two types of noise: conducted noise and radiated noise which are present at the fundamental switching frequency of the power ...
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DC/DC CONVERTER Thermal Management
From: GAIA ConverterDescription: As with any power electronic circuitry, DC/DC converter do not transform all input power to output power; a portion of input power is dissipated as heat. The amount of heat dissipated is dependent on ...
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Designing Battery Charger using GAIA Converter 150W DC/DC Converter
From: GAIA ConverterDescription: A battery charger is a device used to put energy into a battery by forcing an electric current trhough it. The charge current depends upon the technology and capcity of the battery being charged. ...
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Modular Power Architecture Up to 300W Power for 24V/28V Avionics/Military Applications
From: GAIA ConverterDescription: Converter DC/DC converters and front-end modules to build complete power supply that meets avionic and military standards . This modular power architecture is dedicated for 24V and 28V bus powered ...
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Modular Power Architecture Up to 50W Power for 24V/28V Avionics/Military Applications
From: GAIA ConverterDescription: This application note describes how to use GAIA Converter DC/DC converters and front-end modules PGDS-50 and HUGD-50 to build a complete power supply that meets avionics/military standards. This ...
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Safety Standards UL1950 & EN60950
From: GAIA ConverterDescription: For the majority of DC/DC converter applications in the telecommunications and datacommunications equipment, the applicable safety standards are UL1950 (and its Canadian equivalent C22.2 No. 950-95) ...
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Surge Filter Recommendations for 4W up to 50W Modules
From: GAIA ConverterDescription: This design note describes an electrical schematics that enables GAIA Converter DC/DC module to be protected against surges generally occuring in railways applications. Surges are short term high ...
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Surge Filter Recommendations for 50W up to 200W Modules
From: GAIA ConverterDescription: This design note describes an electrical schematics that enables GAIA Converter DC/DC module to be protected against surges generally occuring in railways applications. Surges are short term high ...
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Using COTS Converter for Avionics/Military Applications
From: GAIA ConverterDescription: This application note underlines the different requirements that are commonly in use for avionics and military power supplies and describes how to comply using GAIA Converter COTS products. ...
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Using Modular DC/DC Converter for Battery Powered Railway Applications
From: GAIA ConverterDescription: This application note underlines the different requirements that are in use for battery powered railway applications and describes how to comply with GAIA Converter DC/DC modules in the design of ...
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Using Modular DC/DC Converter for Industrial/Electricity Related Applications
From: GAIA ConverterDescription: This application note underlines the different requirements in electronic systems used in Electrical Power Plant, High Voltage Substations, Telecontrol Centers or Low Voltage Distribution Controls. ...
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Cable Glands for Full EMI Protection
From: LAPPDescription: Winning the war against electromagnetic interference (EMI) on today's factory floors requires attention to detail. One of those details involves the ability of cable glands to contribute to a reliable ...
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Power Measurement Application Note
From: Weschler InstrumentsDescription: Power is the rate at which work is done (work/time). It is also the rate at which energy is generated or used. For dc systems, power is expressed in watts: P=VdcAdc. For ac systems, the determination ...
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Power Quality Primer
From: Weschler InstrumentsDescription: Regardless of popular belief, Power Quality is NOT difficult to understand. The problem is finding reliable sources of such information, provided in an easy to understand way with real world examples. ...
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WP #120: Guidelines for Specification of Data Center Power Density
Description: Conventional methods for specifying data center density are ambiguous and misleading. Describing data center density using Watts / ft2 or Watts / m2 is not sufficient to determine power or cooling ...
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WP #127: A Quantitative Comparison of High Efficiency AC vs. DC Power Distribution for Data Centers
Description: This paper presents a detailed quantitative efficiency comparison between the most efficient DC and AC power distribution methods, including an analysis of the effects of power distribution efficiency ...
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WP #150: Power and Cooling Capacity Management for Data Centers
Description: High density IT equipment stresses the power density capability of modern data centers. Installation and unmanaged proliferation of this equipment can lead to unexpected problems with power and ...
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WP #157: Eco-mode: Benefits and Risks of Energy-saving Modes of UPS Operation
Description: Many newer UPS systems have an energy-saving operating mode known as "eco-mode" or by some other descriptor. Nevertheless, surveys show that virtually no data centers actually use this mode, because ...
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WP #159: How Overhead Cabling Saves Energy in Data Centers
Description: Placing data center power and data cables in overhead cable trays instead of under raised floors can result in an energy savings of 24%. Raised floors filled with cabling and other obstructions make ...
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WP #163: Containerized Power and Cooling Modules for Data Centers
Description: Standardized, pre-assembled and integrated data center facility power and cooling modules are at least 60% faster to deploy, and provide a first cost savings of 13% or more compared to traditional ...
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WP #42: Ten Cooling Solutions to Support High-density Server Deployment
Description: High-density servers offer a significant performance per watt benefit. However, depending on the deployment, they can present a significant cooling challenge. Vendors are now designing servers that ...
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WP #59: The Different Technologies for Cooling Data Centers
Description: There are 13 basic heat removal methods to cool IT equipment and to transport unwanted heat to the outdoor environment. This paper describes these fundamental cooling technologies using basic terms ...
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Does FuelCellsEtc Provide Hydrogen Generators (or HHO) for Cars?
From: FuelCellsEtcDescription: If you are looking in to building an HHO generator yourself, we do recommend taking a look at our Electrolyzer Membrane Electrode Assemblies (EZ MEAs)... ...
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ELAT-1400 Gas Diffusion Layer (GDL) Not "Discontinued"
From: FuelCellsEtcDescription: After the original manufacturer of ELAT Gas Diffusion Layer (GDL) stopped producing the material, many of the fuel cell industry had to scramble for replacements and were continuing their projects ...
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Fuel Cells for Hospitals, Apartments and Small Communities (100+ kW)
From: FuelCellsEtcDescription: When it comes to larger fuel cell applications such as hospitals, apartment buildings and small communities there are only so many fuel cell companies with products ready for the market. These types ...
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What else do I need for my Fuel Cell?
From: FuelCellsEtcDescription: So, you have bought a Fuel Cell and are ready to start using it. Or are you? Did you plan on any of the ancillary components you might need? Depending on who you buy the fuel cell from and what model ...
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Current Chopping a Simple Explanation, and Calculations to Determine Transient Voltages When Using Vacuum Interrupters
From: Joslyn Clark ControlsDescription: Current chopping is a term that came to our vocabulary with the advent of vacuum switching which was commercially started back in the 1950's. Earlier switching means in air or oil are in terms of ...
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3 Ways to Avoid Corkscrewed Cables
From: igus® inc.Description: There is a big difference between cables made specifically for continuous-flexing applications and regular flexible cables. Understanding the distinction is extremely important when you're choosing ...
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CAT 6A F/UTP vs. UTP: What You Need to Know
From: Black BoxDescription: Category 6A cabling is designed to support next-generation applications, including the transfer of large amounts of data at high speeds, up to 10 Gbps. CAT 6A extends electrical specifications to 500 ...
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Counterfeit cable: The dangers, risks, and how to spot it
From: Black BoxDescription: Buyer beware: If the price seems too good to be true, it is. ...
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The Elements of an RS-422 and RS-485 System
From: Black BoxDescription: Learn the important aspects of RS-422/485 system design. The Elements of an RS-422 and RS-485 System: System configuration - Cabling selection - Transient protection - Software - Device selection ...
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Expand+Proceedings of the National Academy of Scienceswww.pnas.orgPublished online before print January 26, 2009, doi: 10.1073/pnas.0811900106 PNAS February 3, 2009 vol. 106 no. 5 1342-1346
From: Piezosystem Jena, Inc.Description: The injection of positive charge carriers (holes) into a single conjugated polymer chain was observed to be light-assisted. This effect may underlie critical, poorly understood organic electronic ...
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HCN Channels Are Not Required for Mechanotransduction in Sensory Hair Cells of the Mouse Inner Ear
From: Piezosystem Jena, Inc.Description: The molecular composition of the hair cell transduction channel has not been identified. Here we explore the novel hypothesis that hair cell transduction channels include HCN subunits. The HCN family ...
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Holographic Photolysis for Multiple Cell Stimulation in Mouse Hippocampal Slices
From: Piezosystem Jena, Inc.Description: Advanced light microscopy offers sensitive and non-invasive means to image neural activity and to control signaling with photolysable molecules and, recently, light-gated channels. These approaches ...
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Macropinocytotic Uptake and Infection of Human Epithelial Cells with Species B2 Adenovirus Type 35
From: Piezosystem Jena, Inc.Description: Human adenovirus serotype 35 (HAdV-35; here referred to as Ad35) causes kidney and urinary tract infections and infects respiratory organs of immunocompromised individuals. Unlike other adenoviruses, ...