Electrical and Electronics Reference Materials
Technical Articles
Reference Articles 2001 - 2100 of 3185
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Engineered Materials in Cathodic Protection
Description: What is cathodic protection? How is expanded metal mesh used in cathodic protection? ...
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Industrial Magnetics Featured in Food & Beverage Technology Review
Description: Chief business development officer, Dennis O'Leary, discusses a recent case study where an IMI magnetic drawer-in-housing helped a food manufacturer with a ferrous metal contamination issue they were ...
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FAQ - Fiber Optic Connector
From: LEMO USA, Inc.Description: Frequently asked questions and answers regarding fiber optic connectors ...
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Acceleration measurement
From: MonoDAQDescription: How to measure acceleration? and How piezoelectrical accelerometers work? ...
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COAL-FIRED POWER PLANTS
From: LANDDescription: The safety and efficiency of modern thermal power plants relies on accurate measurement and careful control of operating conditions. This application note aims to provide an overview of the many ...
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Strain measurement
From: MonoDAQDescription: How to measure strain? and What is a strain gauge? ...
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Flexible Piezo Transducers find Applications in Structural Health Monitoring, Contouring, and Sound Cancellation
Description: Piezo ceramics - like all ceramics - are brittle materials, very good at handling compressive loads, but sensitive to shear, bending, and tensile loads. To protect the piezo material from unwanted ...
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Advantages-of-Toroidal-Transformer
From: Powertronix Inc.Description: A small transformer is less expensive to manufacture and reduces the your overall system cost by allowing chassis design. The transformer core, designed from a single strip of steel, will save cost by ...
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Choosing the right cable for industrial automation
From: Alpha WireDescription: As industrial automation equipment becomes more complex with the integration of industrial internet of things (IIoT) capabilities and an increased use of robotics and artificial intelligence, any ...
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Mornsun Power Solutions for 5G Wireless
Description: The latest approach to wireless transmission -- 5th Generation wireless -- means much more than just faster video streaming on smart devices. As this revolutionary new approach, more commonly referred ...
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What is an Electromagnet? General Technical Overview
From: GEEPLUS Inc.Description: The electromagnet is a simple holding device. When energised it will attach itself to a flat steel surface with high force. When de-energised the attracting force is switched off. ...
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Magnets for Industrial Use
Description: For most people, when they think of a magnet they think of a simple item that sticks to a refrigerator door, or a clasp that holds a piece of jewelry together. But there is a whole other world of ...
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The State of the Rare Earth Magnet Market: What we know
Description: There is more uncertainty in the market right now, a result of inflamed trade and tariff rhetoric from the U.S. and China. The media has already declared the situation to be a trade war, which has ...
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What are Neodymium Magnets?
Description: A neodymium magnet is the strongest known type of permanent magnet. These are not your average refrigerator magnets! Neodymium magnets are the strongest permanent magnets available and, even if you've ...
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Trends in Power converter ICs
Description: Electronic and electrical products have become an indispensable part of modern civilization. Where electricity is used, there is a need for power. The power unit is the heart of various systems which ...
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Download The White Paper of Railway Power Supply
Description: Every year, countries across the world are investing billions of dollars in high-speed railways. These evolving railways require power solutions that push the limits of technological innovation while ...
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5 Emerging Trends that Will Require Category 6A Cabling
From: Belden Inc.Description: When it comes to the world of enterprise networks, Bob Dylan may have said it best: The times, they are a-changin’. And they’re changing fast. Every day, data rates continue to climb. ...
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EMISSION REDUCTION FOR CHP
Description: Gas engines with state-of-the-art combustion and exhaust aftertreatment technologies are equipped to meet new and stricter emission standards. ...
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Power supply for DCS Application
Description: Centralized meter reading system can precisely collect all kinds of data of energy meter for water, gas or natural gas, electricity and heat, and analyze the data effectively. Providing a reference ...
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Preparing for the Future of Grid-Code
Description: As growth in distributed energy and other factors increase the risk of instability on electric utility systems, nations and grid providers are tightening grid-code requirements. Developers of ...
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Different Hybrid Drive Concepts to Solve Tough Positioning and Alignment Problems in the Nanometer Range
Description: Novel Hybrid Actuators Combine High Force, Nanometer Precision, and High Dynamics ...
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How to Align Opto-Mechanical Components with Simple and Effective Tools
Description: Motorized Miniature Actuators based on Piezo-Ratchet Effects Provide Reliable and Remote Alignment of Beam Paths, Sensors, Optical Assemblies ...
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Inductor Q, Quality Factor
Description: It is possible to measure and quote the Quality Factor or Q Factor for an inductor. ...
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Fanless Thermal Management in Harsh Environments
From: WINSYSTEMS, INC.Description: An embedded system is a complex device with a multitude of components, many based on heat-sensitive silicon. As current flows through the circuits in these parts, it causes internal resistance and ...
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Ultrasonic Piezo Transducer for Blood Flow Monitoring
Description: During surgery, it is critical that the surgeon has real time evaluation of blood vessels in order to make assessments related to the flow of blood. Piezo transducers are at the core of modern blood ...
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OVERCURRENT PROTECTION
Description: An overcurrent event on a synchronous generator set occurs any time the load demands more current than the nameplate rating of the generator set. The overcurrent can be caused by the starting of a ...
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Ampacity: Choosing Cable When The Heat Is On
From: Lapp TannehillDescription: Thanks to the dedication and ingenuity of cable engineers around the world, there are cables available for an almost infinite number of applications. Welding cable, extension cords, stage lighting ...
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FAQ: What are printed circuit board (PCB) test points?
From: Components CorporationDescription: A surface-mount test point is basically a small wire loop designed as an attachment point for test probes on a circuit board containing surface-mount components. It is relatively small, about the same ...
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FAQ: WHAT CAN PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD (PCB) JUMPERS DO?
From: Components CorporationDescription: A circuit board jumper is basically a conductor that gets soldered between two points on the board to make a connection. ...
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FTU Power Solutions in Electric Power Industry
Description: Abstract In the electrical power industry, equipment such as RTU*, DTU*, FTU* and TTU* are switch monitoring devices installed in the substation close to the feed breakers (a disconnector which is ...
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The Connected Factory: Standards are Starting to Stick
From: Lapp TannehillDescription: The Internet has reached the factory. Controls, drives, sensors, and machines are all networked, exchanging data ceaselessly. Data volumes and interconnectedness, from the sensor to the cloud, will ...
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Top 5 Ways to Save Money on Wire and Cable
From: Lapp TannehillDescription: Whether you're an engineer designing a new product, or a purchasing agent getting ready to send a purchase order to a vendor, cost plays a large role in your daily decisions. Cutting cost is something ...
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CAT® EMCP 4 START SIGNAL MONITORING
Description: All facilities with an emergency backup power system require a Transfer Device to monitor the incoming utility power. When it identifies a loss of power, the Transfer Device will send a start signal ...
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Bringing science to the selection of mica capacitors for RF and microwave circuits
From: Cornell DubilierDescription: When designing for RF or high-power applications, capacitor choices can have a big impact on a circuit's performance. To make things challenging, at high RF and microwave frequencies, specifying ...
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COMPARING VOLUMETRIC FUEL CONSUMPTIONS
Description: Diesel generator set manufacturers publish volumetric fuel consumption (vfc) data in their specification sheets. A problem arises when trying to compare vfc data from different manufacturers. The fuel ...
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Electric Power System-AC Application of Smart Meters
Description: Smart meters are big news. The overall smart meters penetration rate for global market is expected to reach 61% by 2026. With the energy supplies demanding more advanced communication interfaces, ...
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Technical Guide to EMI/RFI Supression in Electronic Cabinets
Description: Complex electronic systems often have an unwelcome side effect: electro-magnetic and radio frequency interference (EMI/RFI). More than just a nuisance, EMI/RFI can interfere with the operation of ...
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Case Study: How a Mining-Equipment Company Increased Efficiency and Saved 35% With a Customized Process Control Switch
From: Whitman Controls, LLCDescription: In the mining industry, aftermarket process improvements are essential to enhance hydraulic equipment functionality. To guarantee proper pre-fill and optimize accumulator efficiency, a client ...
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Developments In Ultra Fast Electric Vehicle Charging
Description: When people are travelling, they want to charge their cars quickly. This increases the demand of ultra fast charging. There are many fast chargers with a 350 kW capacity that can enable a Battery ...
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Wireless Temperature Measurement in Power System
Description: Sometimes there are accidents or fire in Power system, caused by faulty of system and insulation aging, over load, and bad contact. For guarding against the accident or fire by this reason, ...
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FTU Power Solutions in Electric Power Industry- DC/DC converters
Description: Abstract In the electrical power industry, equipment such as RTU*, DTU*, FTU* and TTU* are switch monitoring devices installed in the substation close to the feed breakers (a disconnector which is ...
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Issues with Peak Demand
Description: High peak demand customers incur a peak service charge from the utility. A peaking system with proper sizing, testing, and maintenance will help save on utility costs. ...
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CAN convert to Ethernet
Description: This program is powered by 24V DC bus of site control system, the device converts the CAN normal communication mode to Ethernet signal to interconnect the communication between site and internet. ...
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Piezo Motors: Principle of Operation for Engineers
Description: How it Works The Piezoelectric effect in piezoceramics converts electrical field to mechanical strain. Under special electrical excitation drive and ceramic geometry of Nanomotion motors, longitudinal ...
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Relays: Principle of Operation for Engineers
Description: High current switching technology Ledex-BLP-200 In the drive towards smart metering and control for domestic power supplies, the solenoid-operated power contactor is a key enabling technology. Utility ...
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Azure Power Case Study
From: Red Lion Controls, Inc.Description: Azure Power, a solar power generation company located in India, generates and sells cost-efficient solar power to both the Indian government as well as independent industrial and commercial customers. ...
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Black Hills Power Case Study
From: Red Lion Controls, Inc.Description: Black Hills Power was looking for a secure Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) backhaul solution that utilized Verizon's cellular network. The AMI backhaul solution needed to be able to securely ...
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Deutsche Energie Funk GmbH Case Study
From: Red Lion Controls, Inc.Description: Deutsche Energie Funk provides electricity demand and monitoring solutions for the power generation market. Tasked with developing a solution to address the demands of collecting real-time data from ...
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Empresas Publicas de Medellin (EPM) Case Study
From: Red Lion Controls, Inc.Description: Empresas Publicas de Medellin (EPM), a leading multi-utility and telco company focusing on power generation, transmission and distribution, natural gas distribution, wastewater treatment, aqueducts ...
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Power module for Automotive Electronics
Description: Electric vehicles could operate by the battery pack which provides energy to motor by replacing fuel to propel the vehicle.The reliability of the system relies on the monitoring and management of the ...
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UNDERSTANDING GAS ENGINE EMISSIONS IN STANDBY POWER APPLICATIONS
Description: Air-quality regulations have a major impact on the choice of engine-generator sets for standby electric power. Federal, state and local rules can dictate the level of emission control required and can ...
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Linear vs. Switching Power Supplies: Look at the Facts Before You Leap to Conclusions
From: Acopian Power SuppliesDescription: Ask almost any engineer about linear power supplies, and his or her instinctive reaction likely is, "Sorry, I can't use them - they're too inefficient." Any consideration of using a linear supply ...
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Versatile DIN-rail Supplies Provide Flexibility in Space-constrained Applications
From: Acopian Power SuppliesDescription: Engineers know that off-the-shelf, standard AC/DC and DC/DC power supplies come in an astonishing array of physical sizes, form factors and mounting arrangements. These range from tiny PC boards to ...
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'Universal-input' Power Supplies Address World-wide Challenges
From: Acopian Power SuppliesDescription: System designers who must incorporate line-powered switching and linear power supplies into their products often face a dilemma with respect to the input-voltage reality. It is not just the different ...
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Is 5G Technology Safe?
From: NAI Group, LLCDescription: 5G is a commonly-used abbreviation for 5th generation cellular wireless technology. It is the next step after 3G, 4G, and 4G LTE. It promises connectivity speeds that are much faster than existing ...
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5 Things to Know About Semi-Rigid Cable Assemblies
From: PasternackDescription: In its most basic form, a semi-rigid cable assembly is a coaxial transmission line consisting of a metal tube, typically made from copper which forms the outer conductor with a metal wire conductor ...
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Building Qualified High-Reliability Cable Assemblies: Shipped Same Day
From: PasternackDescription: The failure of a coaxial cable assembly during operation can be costly, and not just monetarily. The cost failure could also amount to loss of life, complete mission failure, or the downtime of ...
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How to Specify RF Coaxial Blind Mate Connectors
From: PasternackDescription: A coaxial RF blind mate connector is used when access to the connection point is not possible, typically caused by physical space constraints. A common application for blind mate connectors is when ...
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The unique AKIII enclosure with patented air ventilation system
From: Altech Corp.Description: The Altech AKIII industrial enclosure has a patented air ventilation system that eliminates condensation while preserving the high protection class IP65. Occurring condensation is transported out of ...
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What's in Your Coaxial Cable?
From: PasternackDescription: Coaxial RF cables are a standby of the RF/microwave industries, as they connect vital components ranging from smartphones and laptops for everyday life to radar and GPS for military and aerospace. For ...
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Dynamically Achieve Magnetic Bead Separation and Resuspension in One Device
Description: Particle separation is a common task in the life sciences. In biomedical fields ranging from immunology and proteogenomics to molecular biology and in-vitro diagnostics, it is often necessary or ...
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Questions about magnets
Description: commonly asked questions about magnets and magnetism ...
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The State of the Rare Earth Magnet Market: What We Know
Description: Rare earth magnets are back in the headlines again. ...
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What is the Best Rechargeable Microbattery Available for Hearables and Wearables?
Description: This FAQ covers the major benefits of ZPower's silver-zinc microbatteries. ZPower batteries are the smallest, safest, highest-energy rechargeable microbatteries available. They are a good choice for ...
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Emission Standards: Managing the Challenging Transition from EU Stage IIIA to EU Stage V in Europe
Description: Established by the European Commission, emission standards for engines used in new non-road mobile machinery (NRMM) have been gradually introduced to limit harmful substances in engine exhaust gas ...
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Deriving Life Multipliers for Electrolytic Capacitors
From: Cornell DubilierDescription: Aluminum electrolytic capacitors are routinely used as input bus capacitors in the power supply sections of electronic equipment such as motor drives, UPS systems, and welders. Most of these ...
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Design and Testing of Capacitors for Uninterruptible Power Supplies
From: Cornell DubilierDescription: Uninterruptable Power Supplies (UPS) have become a necessity for any system or data that can be lost, damaged or impaired by an unexpected power failure. Common backup power applications range from ...
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Design Snubbers for Power Circuits
From: Cornell DubilierDescription: What's a snubber? Power semiconductors are the heart of power electronics equipment. Snubbers are circuits which are placed across semiconductor devices for protection and to improve performance. ...
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Heating in Aluminum Electrolytic Strobe & Photoflash Capacitors
From: Cornell DubilierDescription: Capacitor heating occurs in all aluminum electrolytic capacitor applications where a current is present, since the electrolytic capacitor is a nonideal capacitor which has resistive and other losses. ...
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Improved Spice Models of Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors for Inverter Applications
From: Cornell DubilierDescription: Impedance modeling of aluminum electrolytic capacitors presents a challenge to design engineers, due to the complex nature of the capacitor construction. Unlike an electrostatic capacitor, an ...
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Inverter Output AC Filter Capacitor for Today's Demanding Applications
From: Cornell DubilierDescription: Many of today's inverter circuits require highly reliable and rugged capacitors to filter out the rich harmonic content of their AC output waveforms. The current of the harmonics at the output of ...
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Predicting Operating Temperature and Expected Lifetime of Aluminum-Electrolytic Bus Capacitors with Thermal Modeling
From: Cornell DubilierDescription: Large-can aluminum electrolytic capacitors are widely used as bus capacitors in variable-speed drives, UPS systems and inverter power systems. Accurate thermal modeling of the capacitor's internal ...
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Reliability of CDE Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors
From: Cornell DubilierDescription: All design engineers who consider using aluminum electrolytic capacitors want to know how long they will last and how many they can expect to fail. Many engineers do not realize that these are ...
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RF Capacitor Performance Data for Multilayer
From: Cornell DubilierDescription: Types MC & MCH Chips and Clad SMT Types MIN & MCM Sizes 1812 to 4640 (100 pF; 470 pF; 1000 pF; 1 pF; 10 pF) ...
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Selecting and Applying Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors for Inverter Applications
From: Cornell DubilierDescription: Aluminum electrolytic capacitors are widely used in all types of inverter power systems, from variable-speed drives to welders to UPS units. This paper discusses the considerations involved in ...
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SOLID POLYMER ALUMINUM CAPACITOR CHIPS IN DC-DC CONVERTER MODULES
From: Cornell DubilierDescription: The new, 125 °C, solid polymer aluminum (SPA) capacitors have performance advantages over other types of low ESR capacitors when used as output filters in DC-DC modules. The principal advantage of an ...
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Thermal Modeling of Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors
From: Cornell DubilierDescription: A comprehensive thermal model for screw-terminal aluminum electrolytic capacitors is developed. The test methodology and data upon which the model is based are discussed. Exact one-dimensional ...
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Transient Thermal, Electrical and Lifetime Analysis of Large-Can Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors
From: Cornell DubilierDescription: Outline: I. Consequences and analysis techniques of transient behavior peculiar to large aluminum electrolytic capacitors: 1. Time-varying hotspot location 2. Highly anisotropic winding 3. Coaxial ...
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R3 DC/DC converter for FTU Application
Description: In the electrical power industry, equipment such as RTU*, DTU*, FTU* and TTU* are switch monitoring devices installed in the substation close to the feed breakers (a disconnector which is located in ...
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NATURAL GAS GENERATOR SETS FOR THE STANDBY MARKET
Description: The market for large-scale standby electric power has taken a purposeful turn toward natural gas gensets. For decades, diesel engine generators have dominated the standby market and natural gas ...
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Plenum-rated 28 AWG Category Patch Cable Meets Stringent Building Safety Requirements
Description: DataMax Mini-28 AWG stranded plenum patch cable meets the loss-prevention requirements of insurance companies, as well as the demands of Power over Ethernet (PoE) connections short-space cables, where ...
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TechTip: Digital I/O Techniques
From: Measurement ComputingDescription: This document is intended for users who configure and operate the digital input/output channels of a DAQ system. ...
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White Paper: Key Considerations for Selecting An Arc-Flash Relay
From: Littelfuse, Inc.Description: This white paper informs specifying engineers, original equipment manufacturers, designers, and end users about the most important features in arc-flash relay technology so that they can select the ...
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Wiring Info
Description: Wiring information including: Amperage Conversion Table, Selection guide for lead wire, Ambient Temperature tables, Wiring hints and Wiring Diagrams. ...
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Conductor Material Comparison
From: Lapp TannehillDescription: Learn more about the different conductors used in wire & cable ...
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Flammability Tests and Ratings for Wire & Cable
From: Lapp TannehillDescription: Learn more about the different flammability tests and ratings. ...
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LAPP Cable Motion Types & Levels
From: Lapp TannehillDescription: LAPP offers different levels of each of the motion types. Find the motion level number associated with the product on the product datasheet and refer to this table for more information on what the ...
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Metric-to-AWG Conversion Chart
From: Lapp TannehillDescription: American Wire Gauge (AWG) sizes may be determined by measuring the diameter of the conductor (the bare wire) with the insulation removed. Refer to the Wire Gauge Diameter table for dimensions. When ...
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What are the Differences between the Types of Primary Automotive Wires?
From: Lapp TannehillDescription: To understand the differences between the types, you'll need to know the difference between PVC and Cross-link automotive wire. The main difference between the two is the temperature range. Cross-link ...
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What are the Types of Jacket Insulation for Portable Cord?
From: Lapp TannehillDescription: Portable cordage is available in different jacket insulation materials - Thermoset (rubber), Thermoplastic (plastic), Thermoplastic Elastomer (TPE). Here's a little more information about them to help ...
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What Do the Letters Stand for in the Portable Cordage Types?
From: Lapp TannehillDescription: When looking at the different portable cordage types, all the different letters in the types can be overwhelming and easily confusing. But did you know that each of those letters represents an ...
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Wire & Cable Approvals Agencies and Standards
From: Lapp TannehillDescription: Underwriters Laboratories, Inc. (UL) was founded as a non-profit organization which provides testing for products and UL “Recognition� or “Listing� for manufacturers. In the United States UL ...
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PARALLELING GENERATOR SET SYSTEMS AND DESIGN
Description: The art of paralleling generator sets has evolved over time. A process that once required discrete synchronizing components, panels full of induction disc protective relays and analog meters is now ...
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Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors Built to Withstand Harsh Conditions
From: Cornell DubilierDescription: When it comes to mission-critical applications such as those found in military or space, reliability and the ability to withstand the harshest of conditions is of paramount importance. Cornell ...
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Cornell Dubilier Introduces Customizable Online Custom Catalog Generator
From: Cornell DubilierDescription: Many engineers have a love-hate relationship with paper catalogs. Nothing is easier to use or more accessible, but catalogs quickly become dated and most of the content doesn't relate to individual ...
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How new flat capacitors are stimulating design of smaller, more reliable products
From: Cornell DubilierDescription: Aluminum electrolytic capacitors have been a mainstay in electronic power circuits for their ability to provide large bulk storage, high voltage and high energy density. However, in a growing number ...
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Powering a revolution in aviation
From: Dynapower CorporationDescription: In South Burlington, Vermont, a quiet aviation revolution is underway. Kyle Clark and his team at Beta Technologies are fast at work developing a battery-powered electric airplane that could ...
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Why Military and Aerospace Designers Are Turning to Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors
From: Cornell DubilierDescription: Early conventional aluminum electrolytic capacitors were known to lose electrolyte over time through outgassing. The loss of electrolyte, called dry-out, results in loss of capacitance and increases ...
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Understanding Insulation Measurements on Telephone Cables
From: Transcat, Inc.Description: Insulation resistance measurement is a non-destructive measurement method when carried out under normal test conditions. It is accomplished by applying a DC voltage lower than that used for a ...
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Pressure Switches in the Fourth Industrial Revolution
From: Whitman Controls, LLCDescription: Switches provide assurance of control that not only enhances safety, but also reduces the need for persistent human monitoring and the chance of costly downtime that results from catastrophic ...